摘要
青蟹是我国重要的海洋经济蟹类。本文通过形态学和分子标记方法,研究青蟹属在中国大陆东南沿海的种类组成,明确优势种的种类;分析优势种拟穴青蟹S.paramamosain的遗传多样性和遗传分化。为我国青蟹种质资源的可持续利用及保护,加速遗传育种提供科学依据。
采集了13个地区共413只野生青蟹。通过形态比较,确认有4个种,它们是:锯缘青蟹(Scylla serrata),紫螯青蟹(S.tranquebarica),拟穴青蟹(S.paramamosain),榄绿青蟹(S.olivacea)。这4个种类可以从头胸甲额缘4个齿的长度(FMSH/DFMS)、形状,螯足腕节内刺的有无、螯足及步足斑纹来区分。其中拟穴青蟹S.paramamosain在中国大陆东南沿海分布最广,数量最多,其他3个种仅在海南沿海和北部湾被发现。
对锯缘青蟹,紫螯青蟹,拟穴青蟹,榄绿青蟹这4种青蟹的线粒体COI基因片段进行了测序,分析研究了其种间遗传差异及系统发育关系。研究结果显示:4种青蟹在COI基因片段上存在差异,种间遗传距离平均为0.1413,种内遗传距离平均为0.0062。种间序列差异远大于种内差异。优势种与GenBank中己知的S.paramamosain COI序列比较,遗传距离为0.0013,与S.serrata的遗传距离为0.1213。序列特征、遗传距离和系统进化等分析结果支持形态分类的结果,即中国青蟹属的优势种为拟穴青蟹S.paramamosain。
采用RAPD和AFLP技术对中国拟穴青蟹13个野生群体和3个养殖群体共480个标本做了遗传多样性和遗传分化分析。
RAPD标记的结果显示,各野生地理群体的多态位点百分数在26.79-38.39%之间;有效等位基因数Ne为1.2473-1.3094;Shannon信息指数在0.1511-0.1888之间;遗传多样性指数h为0.1097-0.1372。AFLP标记的结果显示,各野生地理群体的多态位点百分数在61.45-65.85%之间;有效等位基因数Ne为1.1478-1.2103;Shannon信息指数在0.2360-0.2927之间;遗传多样性指数h为0.1503-0.1881。RAPD和AFLP分子标记的结果均显示拟穴青蟹的遗传多样水平较低。采用RAPD、AFLP两种标记得到的野生群体间的遗传分化指数G_(st)分别为0.0154-0.0512和0.0029-0.0669,表明拟穴青蟹野生群体间有一定遗传分化,但分化程度不高;超过95%的遗传变异来自于群体内。
采用RAPD、AFLP分子标记分析了拟穴青蟹各养殖群体的遗传多样性。RAPD标记表明,3个养殖群体的多态位点百分数、有效等位基因数Ne、Shannon信息指数、遗传多样性h分别为40.32%、1.2693、0.2011、0.1516;相同地点3个野生群体的分别为41.56%、1.3966、0.2083、0.1598。AFLP标记表明,3个养殖群体的多态位点百分数、有效等位基因数Ne、Shannon信息指数、遗传多样性h分别为66.29%、1.2589、0.2901、0.1846;相同地点3个野生群体的分别为68.68%、1.2611、0.2962、0.1895。野生群体各项遗传多样性指标均比养殖群体的略高。RAPD、AFLP 2种分子标记分析的遗传距离结果分别为0.0253、0.0316。养殖群体与13个野生群体聚类分析结果显示,汕头养殖群体与汕头野生群体较接近,而厦门、福州养殖群体则与北部湾的野生群体较相近。遗传距离和2种分子标记的聚类分析结果均显示养殖群体与野生群体没有明显的分化。
In order to study on the species composition and dominant species in the coastal waters of southeastern China in genus Scylla, 413 individuals were collected from 13 sites and 24 measurements were taken. By morphological comparison, there are 4 species being identified, namely S. serrata, S. tranquebarica , S. paramamosain, S. olivacea. The four species can be distinguished by means of the length and shape of the four frontal spines, with or without inner carpus spine and the polygonal patterning of chelipeds and legs. S. paramamosain is the most dominant and the other three species be found in Hainan waters and Beibu Bay only. The morphological characters and a key to Genus Scylla for 4 species are also given.
The sequences of mtDNA COI gene fragment of 4 species of mud crabs: S. serrata (Forsk(?)l,1775), S.tranquebarica (Fabricius, 1798), S.olivavea(Herbst,1796), S.paramamosain(Estampador,l949), collected from the coastal waters of southeastern China were analyzed. The genetic difference means 0.0062 intraspecific, while 0.1413 interspecific. The NJ tree shows that all four species formed reciprocal monophyletic groups. These provide additional conclusive evidence that there are four distinct species of mud crab in China. The genetic distance between dominant species and the known S. paramamosain(GenBank accession number: AY373351) is 0.0013, and 0.1213 between dominant species and the known S.serrata(GenBank accession number: AY373341). The results of sequence analysis, genetic distance, and NJ clustering have proved that the dominant species is S.paramamosain.
S. paramamosain, the dominant species, is most widely distributed in the coastal waters of southeast China and commonly occurring in estuarine and mangrove waters. The genetic structure and genetic diversity in 480 individuals including 13 wild populations and 3 cultured ones were analyzed using RAPD and AFLP.
By RAPD, the percentage of polymorphic loci among wild populations range from 26.79-38.39%, the effective number of alleles per locus(Ne) range from 1.2473-1.3094, the Shannon's Information index range from 0.1511-0.1888 and the Nei's gene diversity(h) range from 0.1097-0.1372. By AFLP, the percentage of polymorphic loci among wild populations range from 61.45-65.85%, the effective number of alleles per locus(Ne) range from 1.1478-1.2103, the Shannon's Information index range from 0.2360-0.2927 and the Nei's gene diversity(h) range from 0.1503-0.1881. The results of RAPD and AFLP show that the genetic diversity of S. paramamosain is low. G_(ST) among wild populations of S. paramamosain ranges from 0.0154-0.0512 and 0.0029-0.0669 by RAPD and AFLP respectively. Genetic differentiation index indicates there exists some differentiation among different populations of S. paramamosain, but the differentiation is low. More than 95% of genetic diversity was derived from within the populations.
The genetic diversity of 3 cultured and 3 wild populations from the same sites are compared. The percentage of polymorphic loci, the effective number of alleles per locus(Ne), the Shannon's Information index, and the Nei's gene diversity(h) of cultured populations are 40.32%, 1.2693,0.2011,0.1516 respectively. While the wild ones are 41.56%, 1.3966, 0.2083,0.1598 respectively by RAPD. The percentage of polymorphic loci, the effective number of alleles per locus(Ne), the Shannon's Information index, and the Nei's gene diversity(h) of cultured populations are 66.29%, 1.2589, 0.2901, 0.1846 respectively. While the wild ones are 68.68%, 1.2611, 0.2962, 0.1895 respectively by AFLP. The cultured populations are lower than wild ones in genetic diversity. The genetic distance between the cultured and wild populations is 0.0253 and 0.0316 by RAPD and AFLP respectively. The result of Cluster's analysis between the cultured populations and 13 wild populations show that Shantou cultured population is closely related to Shantou wild population, Xiamen cultured population and Fuzhou one are closely related to the Beibu Bay group but not to the local wild populations. The results of genetic distance and Cluster's analysis show that genetic differentiation between cultured and wild populations is also not distinct.
引文
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