摘要
本文对辉南、通榆两地野生大豆和早丰5号、吉育59两种栽培大豆进行了盐、碱胁迫实验，采用石蜡切片和光学显微技术进行了同步结构比较研究和光合生理研究。解剖结构结果表明：
1.辉南野生大豆在盐胁迫下根部傍管薄壁细胞大；茎部导管切向链演化为径向链，韧皮纤维细胞质壁分离现象严重；叶片栅栏组织增多，排列紧密。碱胁迫下，根部初生木质部演化为3原型；茎部导管增多，髓细胞变大，导管多为径向链，且细胞壁角隅加厚。
2.通榆野生大豆在盐胁迫下根部髓细胞增多；茎部皮层加厚，细胞壁角隅加厚明显，凯氏带清楚，维管束数量少，韧皮纤维细胞木质化弱；叶片异型维管束消失，栅栏组织和海绵组织细胞排列紧密，胞间隙小。碱胁迫下根部导管直径变小；茎部皮层变薄，韧皮纤维细胞木质化弱；叶片机械组织少，栅栏组织演化成为4层。
3.早丰5号盐胁迫根部髓细胞变多，木质部特化弱，有沙晶和单晶出现；碱胁迫后髓腔变大，导管数量少，木质化严重。盐胁迫下茎部髓腔较大，碱胁迫下茎部髓腔较小，盐、碱胁迫茎部韧皮纤维木质化增强，细胞壁角隅较厚强烈。盐、碱胁迫叶片栅栏组织细胞增多。
4.吉育59盐胁迫根部髓腔变大，碱胁迫根部木质化较弱，导管有碱液出现，次生壁加厚。盐、碱胁迫茎部髓细胞排列密集，维管束和导管数目增多，盐胁迫细胞壁角隅加厚明显，碱胁迫表皮毛增多，原生质浓厚。盐胁迫叶片主脉突起强烈，碱胁迫主脉两侧出现大的异形胞。盐、碱胁迫叶片栅栏组织细胞增多，排列紧密。
生理结果表明：
1.盐、碱胁迫下两地野生大豆根、茎叶生物量下降。在60和120mM浓度NaCl中性盐胁迫下，两地野生大豆叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均呈下降趋势。辉南野生大豆叶片的胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）随盐浓度升高而降低，通榆野生大豆叶片的Ci则随盐浓度的升高而升高。在30,、60和90mM碱盐胁迫下，辉南野生大豆的Pn、Gs和Tr均下降，通榆野生大豆在低碱胁迫下Pn则略有升高。碱胁迫下两地野生大豆品种的Ci都呈上升趋势。盐、碱胁迫下，抗盐野生大豆的Fv/Fm变化较小。不抗盐野生大豆在低浓度的盐、碱胁迫下Fv/Fm变化较小，在高浓度的盐、碱胁迫下呈下降趋势。两个大豆品种的Fv’/Fm’、ΦPSII、ETR和qP在盐、碱胁迫下均呈下降趋势。盐、碱胁迫下两地野生大豆叶绿素含量下降，脯氨酸含量急剧升高。辉南野生大豆可溶性糖含量随盐、碱浓度升高而下降，通榆野生大豆则升高。
2.盐、碱胁迫下两种栽培大豆根、茎叶生物量下降。在60和120mM浓度NaCl中性盐胁迫下，两种栽培大豆叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均呈下降趋势。在30、60和90mM碱盐胁迫下，早丰5号叶片Pn、Gs和Tr均下降，吉育59在低碱胁迫下Pn则略有升高，在90mM浓度下才呈下降趋势。在低浓度的盐碱胁迫下，叶绿素荧光变化较小，在高浓度的盐碱胁迫下，叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm、Fv’/Fm’、ΦPSII、ETR、qP均显著降低。盐、碱胁迫下两种大豆品种的叶绿素含量和对照相比均有所下降，早丰5号下降幅度大于吉育59。盐、碱胁迫下两种栽培大豆叶绿素含量下降，脯氨酸含量急剧升高。早丰5号可溶性糖含量随盐、碱浓度升高下降，吉育59则升高。
综上结果表明，两地野生大豆和两种栽培大豆盐、碱胁迫下，已经演化出颉颃逆境系列结构，这些结构的变化规律说明了盐、碱胁迫直接影响了植物体的形态结构建成。从生理上的变化规律说明了通榆野生大豆和吉育59栽培大豆更具耐盐碱性。
The paper analyses the results of the experiment of salt stress and alkali stress for wildsoybeans--Huinan (salt sensitive) and Tongyu (salt resistant) and cultivatedsoybeans—Zaofen No.5(salt sensitive) and Jiyu No.59(salt resistant). The test has included acomparison of simultaneous structure and a photosynthetic physiological procedure with themethods of paraffin sections and optical microscopy.The elucidation of anatomical structures:
1. The paratracheal parenchyma cells of Huinan became bigger at its root under saltstress and the stem catheter chains moved from tangential to radial direction as bast fibercytoplas cells go to the plasmolysis drastically; the palisade tissue of leaves increased with adense formation. When it comes to alkaline condition, the vascular cylinder of root graduallychanged from tetrarch to triarch,the number of the stem catheters was going up and the pithcells were getting bigger, and catheters among which radial chains prevailed with cell wallthickening.
2. Tongyu under salt stress,with the pith cells of root increasing,the stem corticalthickening and the cell wall intensive thickening, made the Casparian strip of the endodermisclearer and the number of the vascular cylinder decreased, and then bast fiber lignificationdegree was going to be weak, the vascular cylinder of leaves disappeared, the palisade tissueand spongy parenchyma cells were closely arranged with narrow intercellular spaces, whileunder alkaline stress, the tracha diameter of root became smaller,the them cortical was gettingthinner, bast fiber lignification degree kept a weak index, lacking of the mechanical tissue ofleaves, the palisade tissue changed into the one of four layers.
3. Zaofeng No.5’s pith cells of root increased under the salt stress and the xylemspecialization turned weak, sand and single crystal emerged; Under the alkaline stress, thepith antrum became larger with less catheters and the lignification of catheters were serious.The pith antrum of stems was large under salt stress and small under alkaline stress. The bastfiber lignification degree was strong under salt and alkaline stress, the cell wall wasthickening. The palisade tissue of leaves were increased.
4. Jiyu No.59,however, its pith antrum was bigger under salt stress. The lignification ofcatheters was weak, the catheters contain lye and the secondary cell wall was thickeningunder the alkaline stress. Under the salt and alkaline stress, the pith cells of the stem arrangedclosely, the vascular cylinder and catheters increased, the cell wall was thickening obvious under the salt stress, the epidermal hair and protoplasm increased under the alkaline stress.The palisade tissue of leaves increased and arranged closely under the salt and alkaline stress.The physiological results showed that:
1. The biomass of two varieties of wild soybeans were decrease under differentconcentrations salt stress and alkali stress. Two varieties (Hui Nan which is salt sensitive andTong Yu which is salt resistant) of wild soybean were treated with60mM or120mM sodiumchloride(NaCl) or alkali (30mM,60mM or90mM NaHCO3and Na2CO3) to induce differentstresses, which were indicated by the responses to photosynthesis and chlorophyllfluorescence. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomata conductance（Gs）and transpirationrates（Tr）of the plant leaves declined when supplied with60and120mM of neutral NaCl, asa stress. Intercellular CO2concentrations of non-salt resistant wild soybean leaves decreasedwith increasing salt concentration. The Ciof salt resistant wild soybeans increased withincreasing salt concentration. The Pn, Gsand Trof non-salt resistant varieties increasinglydeclined with30,60and90mM alkaline salt (NaHCO3and Na2CO3) stress, but the Pnof saltresistant varieties increased slightly with low strength alkaline salts stress. The Ciof two wildsoybeans increased under the alkali stress. There was no obvious change in chlorophyllfluorescence under the salt and alkali stress. The Fv/Fm of non salt resistance wild soybeansunder low salt and alkali stress was also not obvious，While under high salt and alkali stress, itdecreased. The Fv’/Fm’, ΦPSII, ETR and qP all declined under the salt and alkali stress. Thechlorophyll content of the two wild soybeans were decreased under salt and alkali stress, theproline content were increased obviously. The soluble sugar content of wild soybean(Huinan)were decreased under the salt and alkaline stress, but the wild soybean of Tongyu wereincreased.
2. The biomass of two varieties of soybeans cultivars were decrease under differentconcentrations salt stress and alkali stress. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatalconductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of the leaves declined with60and120mM of theneutral salt (NaCl) stress. The Pn, Gsand Trof non-salt resistant varieties declined with the30,60and90mM of alkaline salt (NaHCO3and Na2CO3) stress, but the Pnof the salt resistancecultivar increased slightly with low levels of alkaline salt stress. There was no obvious changein chlorophyll fluorescence with low strengths of either salt or alkali stress. Chlorophyllfluorescence parameters, optimal photochemical efficiency of PSII in darkness (Fv/Fm),photochemical efficiency of PSII in the light (Fv’/Fm’) and photochemical quenching (qP)decreased significantly with high strengths of salt and alkali stress.Under the salt and alkalinestress, the chlorophyll content of two soybeans cultivars were decreased compared to thecontrol, and the5th Zaofeng declined more than59Jiyu. The chlorophyll content were decreased, the proline content were increased. The soluble sugar content of soybeanscultivar(Zaofeng No.5) were decreased under the salt and alkaline stress, but the soybeanscultivar of Jiyu No.59were increased.
In conclusion, the results showed that the four kinds of soybeans have evolved a seriesof adversity structure under the salt and alkaline stress, which suggested that there was a adirect impact on the morphological structure of plant under the salt and alkali stress and thatTongyu and Jiyu59are more salinity resistant physiologically
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