摘要
菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus L.)是菊科向日葵属一种多年生宿根性栽培种,其应用领域非常广泛,主要有生物质能、食品添加剂、家畜饲料、生态修复、园艺观赏等。其中菊糖是一种可溶性膳食纤维,作为食品添加剂,对改善人体机能和一系列重大疾病具有非常有效的作用。尤其值得注意的是,随着化石燃料的日益枯竭和环境污染问题的不断加重,菊芋非粮生物质能开发,已经成为当前以及未来该物种急需研究的重要方向。因此,为了满足市场和产业发展的迫切需求,开展菊芋种质资源及遗传改良相关的研究具有极其重要的现实意义。
本文以来自亚洲的39份菊芋种质,欧洲的17份主要栽培种质,以及4份杂交后代为研究对象,基于5对AFLP引物、10个形态农艺性状和7个块茎品质指标数据,研究了菊芋种质资源多样性和遗传分化,分析了表型性状遗传改良的可行性,并以国内已审定的品种为对照,培育出一组高产新品系,并从光合生理角度解释了其高产量形成的机理。主要结果如下：
不同种质之间表型性状变异较大,且AFLP检测的多态性较高,多态位点百分率为26.76%,Nei's基因多样性(H)和Shannon信息指数(D分别为0.0751和0.1159。表型性状聚类分析和主成分分析将所有种质分为两枝5组,分别与白色-红色块茎种质和紫色-棕色块茎种质相对应。AFLP鉴定出3枝,与表型分化鉴定出的两枝5组具有一定的相关性。因此,块茎颜色与遗传背景具有一定程度的关联性。基于AFLP多态性的遗传分化分析表明欧洲与亚洲种质资源间没有明显的遗传分化(5%),但是AFLP鉴定到的三枝之间,遗传分化相对较高,组内表型性状变异较大,且具有各自的优势：Group Ⅰ具有较强的有性繁殖能力、较高的地上生物量和块茎营养含量；Group Ⅱ具有较长的营养生长期；Group Ⅲ具有较高的块茎产量和总糖含量。
通过不同品系与参照品种的生物量分配的比较,筛选出了6个在生物量上具有明显优势的新品系,其中国内筛选和培育的品系J115和JN2D总生物量分别为707.84±40.07g(干重／每株,下同)和631.13±15.75g,国外引进的品系DK17和DK5分别为674.69±11.73g和652.16±22.27g,并对J115、DK5和JN2D生长发育的特征特性进行了详细描述；对光合作用光和CO2响应曲线研究的结果显示高产品系具有较低的光补偿点(LCP)和CO2补偿点(CCP),较高的最大净光合速率(Pmax)、表观量子效率(AQE)和初始羧化效率(CE),从光合生理角度对高产量形成机理做出了解释,为高产品系的选育和评价建立新的标准。
总之,本文从种质资源多样性研究、遗传改良可行性分析,到高产新品种选育和其独特的光合生理特性研究,形成了一个菊芋种质资源研究的完整流程；并对其在食品领域和生物质能领域的应用前景进行了深入的分析,为未来菊芋产业的长足发展奠定了坚实基础。
Helianthus tuberosus L.(Asteraceae) is widely cultivated for its perennial tubers as energy resource, food addition, forage production, and garden ornamentations. For food addition, inulin in this plant as a soluble dietary fiber is highly beneficial to our body. The non-food biomass energy is becoming important in the future due to the fact that the fossil fuel is being exhausted and environmental pollution is highly be aggravated. Therefore, further examination of germplasm diversity and genetic improvement of H. tuberosus L. are necessary for its possible wide usages in the future. We collected60accessions of this species from Europe and Asia as our study materials. Genetic diversity of these accessions is firstly assessed by five pairs of AFLPs and17phenotypic characteristics. Then, the high-yield varieties were picked out by comparing the tuber biomass of all accessions and the cultivated ones China. Finally, the underlying mechanisms of these high-yield varieties were further investigated by analyses of the photosynthetic characteristics.
The high variations between accessions were recovered by phenotypic characteristics, and AFLP markers. The26%of the AFLP loci are polymorphic and Nei's gene diversity is0.0751and Shannon's information index is0.1159. Based on Principal Components Analysis and Cluster Analysis of phenotypic traits, two clades were recovered while three clades were identified based on AFLP polymorphisms. Both phenotypic and AFLP analyses showed a moderate correlations.We found that there is no obvious genetic differentiation between European and Asian accessions (5%). However, genetic differentiations between three AFLP clades were high and phenotypic variations within each molecular clade were also highly variable. Group I was characterized by strong sexual reproduction, high above-ground biomass and tuber nutritions while Group Ⅱ by long vegetation growth. Group Ⅲ had a higher tuber yield and sugar content than the other two groups.
Six high-yield varieties were selected through comparing the tuber biomass of the individual clones through all these and control varieties. The total biomass of J115and JN2D from Asia are707.84±40.07g (dry weight/each individual, the same as the following) and631.13±15.75g respectively while those of DK17and DK5from Europe are674.69±11.73and652.16±22.27g, respectively. The growth characteristics of J115, DK5and JN2D were described in details. Subsequently, the characteristic parameters were determined regarding the light and CO2response curves of photosynthesis of three varieties and the results displayed that the high-yield varieties always have lower LCP and CCP, and higher Pmax, AQE and CE. Therefore, our results suggested that the high-yield biomasses of some varieties are correlated with their special photosynthetic characteristics.
This study, from germplasm diversity and genetic improvement analyses to high-yield breeding and photosynthetic characteristics of the high-yield varieties, provides a basic procedure for studying H. tuberosus. All results laid a basic frame for further breed improvements in the future.
引文
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