国际矿产品定价机制对中国矿业下游产业盈利能力影响
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
自人类社会起源开来,有关资源的争夺和纷争就从未停止。资源的有限性和地域分布不均的特性几乎是每次近代战争发动的根源,战争的结果无非就是资源的重新划定和利益格局的重新界定。矿产资源作为推动一个国家经济发展和工业化进程的“轮子”,其对西方发达国家、新兴工业化国家乃至整个世界经济体的重要性不言而喻,可以说,哪方掌握了矿产资源或矿产资源的定价权,哪方就掌握了把握未来世界经济走势的“权杖”,因此,研究当前主要矿产品的国际定价机制及影响这些定价机制形成的因素具有十分重要的理论意义和现实意义。
     本文选取铁矿石、石油、铜、铝和煤炭为研究矿种,从一般价格形成理论、影响价格波动理论及影响定价机制形成的理论写起,通过将经济学和其他学科的理论应用于影响矿产品价格波动因素的分析,了解传统和当代影响矿产品价格波动的因素,矿产品的市场结构等问题;在传统和新兴因素相互作用及影响下,作者介绍了目前国际主要两种定价机制,即以期货合约价格为基准的定价机制和以长期合同价格为基准的定价机制,并通过披露掌握矿产资源的跨国公司的股东结构,解释西方发达国家是新一轮矿产资源价格上涨过程中的最终受益者,而以中国为代表新兴工业化国家由于定价话语权的缺失,在国际贸易中处于弱势地位。
     本文的主要创新点在于:以矿产资源的实际购买主体为研究对象,量化分析近十年矿产资源(铁矿石、铜和铝)价格上涨对我国矿产品产业链上企业盈利能力的影响程度,揭示当前矿产资源价格波动对我国微观经济体的影响。对策方面,作者结合上述矿产资源价格波动对我国微观经济体的影响、矿产品下游行业发展对矿产品未来市场需求和发达国家海外矿产资源获取战略,在当前我国缺失矿产品国际定价权的环境下,提出了若干规避矿产资源价格波动风险的对策,以期在实际操作层面起到抛砖引玉的作用。
Since the origination of human being society, there is never end of fighting fotthe resources. The origin of morden war has been linked with striving for theresources which are limited and spreaded unevenly on the geographical scope. As thealways result, those precious resources were redistributed (or could say, the interestpattern remodeling would always be carried out. The importance of mineral resources,as the wheel of turning the industrialized course or even the economic developmentfor the countru as a whole, is self-evident for the western world, emerging economies,even for the whole world. The conclusion could be made out of question that thecontrolling of mineral resources (or pricing mineral resources) is nearly equal to themastery of economic direction around the world in the future. Therefore, both oftheoretical and practical significance have been rooted in the research work for thepricing system of several important mineral resources and within which thefudemental elements interacted and interalated that form it.
     The iron ore, crude oil, refined cooper, primary aluminium and coal have beenchoosen as the ressarch objects in this thesis. To start with, the systematic theories,including the general theory of product pricing form, the theories that could affect thefluctuation of product price and the related pricing systm theories, have beenintroduced at length. Through putting the economic or other relevant theories intopractical analysis, the traditional and current elements that could affect the pricechange of mineral resources and the market structure of mineral resources areelaborated. The research objects (the mines metioned above) will be exemplified indetail to dscribe how these traditional and current elemts in market interacted witheach other and under which the information of the two of mainstream pricing systemsnowdays has been presented (that are the pricng system on the basis of futures priceand on the basis of long-term framework contract. Then, the mask of the shareholdersfor multinational corporation and futures exchange, that have controlled the most ofmineral resources around the world, will be unweiled so as to domenstrate the finalbeneficiary, during the curruent price raising trend for mineral resources. Nevertheseless, the emergingly economies as China, with the large demand for themineral resources as the raw material, have to pay the extra cost for the rise in price.
     The innovation of this thesis could be positioned as that the quantifiable methodhas been adopted for analyzing how large the price rising of mineral resources inrecent ten years has influence on the profit margin of mines public companies on thewhole industry chain, so that the influence of price rising in mineral resources onChina’s microeconomic entities can be shown. At the end, the combination of theinfluence of rise in price of mineral resources on microeconomic entities, the futuredemand of mineral reousrces from the downstream industry and the advancedacquisition system overseas of developed countires have been analyzed in detail, onthe basis of which the several methods have been raised to avoid the price fluctuationfor mineral resources by author, under the circumstances that without the pricingpower for Chian on the global scope.
引文
Alexander, W., Street, A.,Metals in the Service of Man. Penguin, Middlesex, UK,1972Bachelier, L., 1900, The Random Character of Stock Market Prices. Massachusetts Institute of Technology
    Press, Cambridge, 1964, Reprint
    BHP. BHP Billiton Annual Report 2010, BHP Billiton
    BP. Statistics review of world energy. British Petroleum, 2011, JuneBrett Dobeson. Global commodities- capturing the boom without the bust, Portfolio Construction Journal
    (Summer 2006/07)
    ChileanCopperCommission,SantiagoCochilco, annual. Yearbook: copper and other mineral statistics 1988-2007, Chilean Copper Commission,
    Santiago
    Cowles, A., Can Stock Market Forecasters Forecast. Econometrica, 1933 (1):309-324
    David Humphreys. The great metals boom: A retrospective, Resources Policy 35(2010)1-13
    Econstats.http://www.econstats.com/rt_ironore.htmEduardo P.S. Fiuza, Fabiana F.M. Tito. Post-merger time series analysis: Iron ore ming . Resources Policy
    35 (2010):141-155
    Fabian kesicki. The third oil price surge-What’s different this time?. Energy Policy 38(2010)1596-1606Fama E., Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work. Journal of Finance,
    1970,(25):383-417
    Fisher, I. The Nature of Income and Capital. New York and London: Macmillan,1906Frank Messner. Material substitytion and path dependence: empirical evidence on the substitution of
    copper for aluminum. Ecological Economics 42 (2002) 259-271Friedman, M. A Theory of the Consumption Function National Bureau of Economic Research Series,
    no.63. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1957
    Friedman, M. The Methodology of Positive Economics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953Gonzalo Cortazar, Francisco Eterovic. Can oil prices help estimate commodity futures prices? The cases
    of copper and silver. Resources Policy (2010). doi:10.1016/j. resourpol.2010.07.004Hong,S.,Candelone,J.P.,Soutif,M.,Boutron,C.F.,1996.Areconstruction of changes in copper production andcopper emissions to the atmosphere during the past 7000 years. The Science of the TotalEnvironment 188,183-193
    Houthakker, H. The Present State of Consumption Theory. Econometrica 29 (October 1961):204-240
    ICSG.The world copper factbook, 2010
    James Marple. 2008.When the commodity boom goes bust. http://www.td.com/economics.2008.12.04
    John E. Tilton, David Humphreys, Marian Radetzki. Investor demand and spot commodity prices.Resources Policy (2011), doi:10.1016/j. resourpol. 2011.01.006
    John E. Tilton, Gustavo Lagos. Assessing the long-run availability of copper. Resources Policy32(2007)19-23
    John Lipsky. Commodity prices and global inflation.http://www.imf.org/external/np/speeches/2008/050808.htm
    Marian Radetzki, et al., The boom in mineral markets: How long might it last?. Resources Policy33(2008)125-128
    Marian Radetzki. Peak oil and other threatening peaks-Chimeras without substance. Energy Policy38(2010)6566-6569
    Marian Radetzki. Seven thousand years in the service of humanity-the history of copper, the redmetal.Resources Policy 34(2009)176-184
    Marian Radetzki. The anatomy of three commodity booms, Resources Policy 31 (2006) 56-64
    Mark C. Roberts. Duration and characteristics of metal price cycles . Resources Policy 34 (2009):87-102
    Marshall, A. Principles of Economics. 8th ed., London: Macmillan, 1930.
    Mei-Hsiu Chen.Understanding world metal prices- Returns, volatility and diversification . ResourcesPolicy 35 (2010):127-140
    Merrill Lynch. Spot indicates big in increases in JFY10 iron ore and coal prices, 2010
    Metallgesellschaft, annual. Metal Statistics, Frankfurt am Main
    Michael Francis. Adjusting to the commodity-price boom: the experiences of four industrialized countries .Bank of Canada Review (Autumn 2008)29-41
    Morganstanly, Global Metals Playbook, 2009
    Oli Brown, Jason Gibson. Boom or Bust-Developing countries’rough ride on the commodity pricerollercoaster, 2006. http://www.iisd.org.2006.11
    Paul Sukagawa. Is iron ore priced as a commodity? Past and current practice . Resources Policy 35 (2010):54-63
    PFC http://www.pfcenergy.com/pfc50.aspx
    Phillip Crowson. The copper industry 1945-1975 . Resources Policy 32 (2007) 1-18
    Riza Demirer, Ali M. Kutn. The behavior of crude oil spot and futures prices around OPEC and SPRannouncements: An event study perspective .Energy Econ. (2010), doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2010.06.006
    Robert K. Kaufmann, Ben Ullman. Oil prices, speculation, and fundamentals: Interpreting casual relationsamong spot and futures prices .Energy Economics 31(2009)550-558
    Ron Alquist, Lutz Kilian. What do we learn from the price of crude oil futures? .Journal of appliedeconometrics 25:539-573(2010)
    Schmitz, C.J., 1979. World Non-Ferrous Metal Production and Prices 1700-1976 Frank Cass, London
    Steel Statistical Yearbook 2004-2010.World Steel Association,
    Stigler, G. J. Economics of Information. Journal of Political Economy 70 (February 1962):1-13
    Stigler, G. J. Production and Distribution Theories. New York: Macmillan ,1941
    Svetlana Maslyuk, Russell Smyth. Unit root properties of crude oil spot and futures prices . Energy Policy36(2008)2591-2600
    Takashi Nishiyama. The roles of Asia and Chile in the world copper market . Resources Policy30(2005)131-139
    Thomas Helbling, Valerie Mercer–Blackman, Kevin Cheng. Riding a Commodities Boom , Finance&Development 2008 (03):10-15
    World Bank. Global Economic Prospects: The Commodity Boom: Longer-Term Prospects 2009 (54-56)
    World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/country
    World Metals Statistics 2000-2010. World Bureau of Metal Statistics
    Admin.影响国际煤炭价格的多重因素之间的关,2009.http://www.coalee.cn/article/articleview.aspx?type=1&classID=25&id=234144
    卞玉君.交易制度、投资者行为和信息对证券价格的影响分析:[博士学位论文].上海交通大学,2006
    常俪娟.进口铁矿石价格波动分析及其形成机制研究:[硕士学位论文].大连海事大学,2008
    常艳妮,王海鸿.铜产品定价机制史及回顾分析.改革与战略,2010(11):184-186
    陈建宏,古德生.矿业经济学.长沙:中南大学出版社,2007.42
    陈乐君.我国铁矿石高价进口的原因分析.沿海企业与科技,2008(02):16-20
    陈其慎,王安建,王高尚.铜、铝需求“S”形规律的三个转变点剖析.地球学报,2010,31(5):659-665
    陈其慎.国际矿产资源价格飞涨的背后,2011. http://paper.sciencenet.cn/sbhtmlnews/2011/1/241241.html
    陈为毅.价格理论新探.经济师,2002(9):42-43
    褚玦海,李辉等石油期货贸易.北京:中国金融出版社.2006.60-100
    崔荣国,怀保光.矿产品价格的影响因素分析.国土资源情报,2009(2):23-24
    崔荣国,刘树成.我国重要矿产品供需形势分析,2010.http://www.mlr.gov.cn/zljc/201008/t20100819_742459.htm
    淡水河谷建立铁矿石季度定价机制,中钢协“孤掌难鸣”,2010.http://www.tianshannet.com.cn/energy/content/2010-11/09/content_5352561.htm
    杜雪明,陈其慎,李建武等.全球煤炭供需格局.中国矿业,2011(20):5-7
    付廷臣.资源价格本质的一个解释.北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2001(S1):185-190
    高芯蕊,王安建.基于“S”规律的中国钢需求预测.地球学报,2010,31(5):645-652
    关劼.影响铜期货价格的主要因素.资源再生,2008(10):50-51
    管清友.石油逻辑:国际油价波动机制与中国能源安全.北京:清华大学出版社,2010.30-80
    管仁荣,张德会,陈其慎.中国铁矿石需求分析.中国矿业,2011(4):28-31
    郭树华,王华,高祖博,王俐娴.金属期货市场价格联动及其波动关系研究——以SHFE和LME的铜铝研究为例,2010(04):79-88
    国土资源网.跨国公司加速并购,国际矿产品市场垄断加剧,2006.http://www.clr.cn/front/read/read.asp?ID=95203.2006,8,25.
    韩立华.能源博弈大战.北京:新世界出版社,2008
    胡昌媛等.资源价格研究.北京:中国物价出版社,1993.9
    胡怀国.石油价格波动及其宏观经济影响——兼论供求冲击的不同后果.北京:经济科学出版社,2010.50-60
    华安证券.预期需求强劲,铜价仍有上涨空间.2011.3
    黄先明,孙阿妞.“三位一体”争取大宗商品进口的国际定价权.经济理论与实践,2006(04):21-22
    纪超.对全球化背景下铁矿石定价机制与中国钢铁企业对策的思考:[硕士学位论文].复旦大学,2009
    纪录片《华尔街》主创团队.华尔街Ⅱ-金融的力量.北京:中国商业出版社,2010.195
    孔庆影.中国铜需求解析.中国国际金融有限公司,2011.7
    郎咸平.谁掌控了全球大宗商品定价权,2010.http://finance.eastmoney.com/news/1370,20101207109048937.html
    雷平喜.进口铁矿石面临三大风险.中国证券报,2009-11-20
    李翀.马克思主义垄断理论的构建.马克思主义研究,2009(11):18~24
    李德林.干掉一切对手看高盛如何算赢世界.沈阳:万卷出版公司,2009
    李国平,刘治国.我国能矿资源价格改革的构想.西北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006,36(4):61-66
    李金昌.资源经济新论.重庆:重庆大学出版社,1995.42
    李锐.马克思的地租理论在无形资产领域的运用于发展.郑州轻工业学院学报(社会科学版),2011,12(1):87-90
    李世福.世界价格理论研究成果综述.太原师范学院学报(社会科学版),2007,6(1):31-35
    李文,汪鸿雁.国民经济的命脉——石油经济.北京:石油工业出版社:2006.65-77
    李霞,崔彬.关于自然资源价值的思考.中国矿业,2006,15(8):1-3
    李艺,汪寿阳.大宗商品国际定价权研究.北京:科学出版社,2007.7
    廖政军.2011.印度“十二五”计划加大电力投入.人民日报.2011.1.9第3版http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrb/html/2011-01/09/nw.D110000renmrb_20110109_6-03.htm?div=-1
    刘拓,刘毅军.石油金融知识.北京:中国石化出版社,2007.12-18
    刘文,王炎庠,张敦富.资源价格.北京:商务印书馆,1996.5-25
    刘中成.中国石油产业市场结构与绩效研究:[硕士学位论文].河南大学,2007
    鲁政委.掌握全球大宗商品定价权,2011. http://business.sohu.com/20110212/n279304017.shtml
    罗明,宫少林,郭振玺等.华尔街Ⅰ.北京:中国商业出版社,2010.14
    吕建中,王炜瀚.世界石油市场结构:演进、动因及影响——产油国尤其政策调整对广义石油产业链价值分布的影响.国际投资与跨国经营,2008(06):103-108
    马迅,魏鹏娟.从马克思地租理论看时期国有土地出让制度的完善.当代世界与社会主义(双月刊),2010(1):156~159
    曼昆(美).经济学原理(第4版):微观经济学分册.北京:北京大学出版社,2006.67-85
    孟雁北.反垄断法对市场主体自主定价权的限制.法学杂志,2005(6):48-50
    潘慧峰,吕文栋,郑建明.全球煤炭供求格局与价格变动趋势分析.山西大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008(07):83-89
    彭波.国信证券有色金属行业数据库周报.国信证劵,2011
    彭颖,陈其慎,李建武.铁矿石定价机制演变及价格影响因素.中国矿业,2011,20(4):110-113
    彭颖,邓军,李建武等.中国矿业境外投资对策分析.改革与战略,2011,27(8):132-135
    彭颖,邓军,王安建等.日本海外矿产资源获取机制分析.地球学报,2010,31(5):711-719
    迁钢信息.国际铁矿石谈判现状及影响分析.迁钢信息行业参考,2009.6.30
    钱滔.非对称信息市场理论——2001年诺贝尔经学奖得主理论述评.浙江社会科学,2001(6):32-33上海期货交易所http://www.shfe.com.cn/docview/docview_1254800.htm
    石砺.今年世界煤炭贸易形势分析.中国煤炭,2010(04):121-124
    斯蒂格利茨(美).经济学(上册).北京:中国人民大学出版社,2000.88-100
    唐衍伟,王逢宝,张晨宏.中国大宗商品国际定价权的缺失及相关对策研究,2006(01):44-48
    田书华.煤炭行业研究报告.中国银河证券研究所,2008
    汪建坤.五种价格理论及其比较分析.数量经济技术经济研究,2001(1):91-93
    汪林海.价格理论.北京:中国世界图书出版社,2008.250
    王安建,王高尚,陈其慎,等.能源与国家经济发展.北京:地质出版社,2008
    王安建,王高尚,张建华,等.矿产资源与国家经济发展.北京:地震出版社,2002
    王安建.世界资源格局与展望.地球学报,2010(05):621-627
    王常文.资源稀缺理论与可持续发展.当代经济,2005(4):52
    王凤君.铜矿谈判陷入僵局加工费、价格参与条款成焦点,2006.http://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/20060926/1605950693.shtml
    王高尚.后危机时代矿产品价格趋势分析.地球学报,2010,31(5):629-634
    王洁.垄断型资源定价、竞合博弈与序贯决策.财经研究,2011,37(5):101-110
    王庆功,王丙毅.中国电解铝市场结构的寡头垄断化取向.聊城大学学报,2006(02):48-52
    王石,吴龙云.证券市场有效性理论及其应用.决策借鉴,1999(3):31-33
    王洋.铁矿石谈判对铁矿石海运价格影响:[硕士学位论文].大连海事大学,2009
    网易财经. http://quotes.money.163.com/usstock/hq/XOM.html
    温宝.我国争取精铜国际定价权研究[硕士学位论文]:哈尔滨工程大学,2008
    吴元元.矿产资源价格理论及调控政策研究[博士学位论文].中国地质大学(北京),2008
    肖斌,付小红.马克思地租理论对解决我国农地撂荒问题的重要启示.陕西科技大学学报,2008,3(26):157-160
    谢向前.中国钢铁产品市场价格机理及企业价格决策研究[博士学位论文]:武汉理工大学,2007
    新浪财经.http://finance.sina.com.cn/focus/iron2009/
    星海期货.http://www.xhfutures.com/gjx2.asp
    星海期货.http://www.xhfutures.com/gjx21.asp
    徐斌.争取大宗商品国际定价权的经济学分析.中国物价,2007(05):32-35
    许诺.印度电力行业投资机会风险分析.2007. http://ccn.mofcom.gov.cn/spbg/show.php?id=5339
    晏智杰.自然资源价值刍议.北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2004,41(6):70-77
    杨丽梅.铁矿石资源约束下的中国钢铁工业可持续发展研究.北京:冶金工业出版社,2010.141-173
    杨伟文,张元峰.国际油价暴涨背后中国石油安全战略探析.中国国土资源经济,2006(9):10-12
    叶卉,张忠义,应海松.铁矿石资源的战略研究.北京:冶金工业出版社,2009.152-167
    于光远.资源·资源经济学·资源战略.自然资源学报,1986,1(1):1-2
    郁琴.世界石油价格波动及其形成机制的研究[硕士学位论文]:对外经济贸易大学,2004
    张多蕾,王治.预期效用理论与前景理论的比较研究.黑龙江对外经贸,2009(11):152-154
    张小艳.期货市场有效性理论与实证检验.中国管理科学,2005,13(6):1-5
    张雪川.铝行业分析.华创证劵,2011
    张燕生.大宗商品国际定价权是时间和综合实力的函数.中国经贸导刊,2010(16):7-9
    中国期货业协会.期货市场教程.北京:中国财政经济出版社,2007.5-6
    中央电视台《公司的力量》节目组.公司的力量.山西:陕西教育出版社,2010
    朱斌.铜行业分析.南华期货,2009
    宗寒济.资源经济.北京:人民出版社,1994.35-40
    曾才生.大宗商品国际定价权的金融视角分析.求索,2010(11):51-53