摘要
本文以30a海南岛西部橡胶人工林(PR107和RRIM600)为研究对象,采用生物量法,对海南岛西部橡胶人工林生态系统的乔木层、林下植被和凋落物的碳汇功能进行研究,并对其固碳和释氧的价值进行估算。本研究的主要结果和结论如下。
(1)橡胶树各器官含碳率波动范围在45.16%-53.73%之间,各器官含碳率大小表现为：树叶>树干>树枝>树皮>树根；橡胶树各器官碳储量分布大小RRIM600依次为：树干(43%)>树枝(28%)>树根>(16%)树皮(11%)>树叶(2%);PR107依次为：树干(55%)>树枝(18%)>树根(17%)>树皮(8%)>树叶(2%)。利用SAS9.0分别建立以橡胶树各器官碳储量与树围(G),树高和胸径(DZH)的回归方程,结果均达到显著相关关系。采用树围作为变量的回归方程对橡胶树碳储量进行估测,得出不同树围橡胶树全树碳储量,并以450株/hm2的密度计算得出每公顷橡胶所固定的碳分别为PR107:153.51·hm-2, RRIM600:131.13·hm-2。。(2)通过周年定位观测得出：橡胶人工林整个生命周期(30a)林下植被碳储量分别为PR107:12.93t·hm-2; RRIM600:11.17t·hm-2。凋落物PR107:110.81t·hm-2; RRIM600:120.26t·hm-2。凋落物和林下植被的含碳率波动范围在44.83%-49.17%之间,大小依次为：果实>枯叶>花>林下植物>枯枝。PR107和RRIM600 (8a-22a)橡胶人工林凋落物和林下植被年碳储量的变化范围分别在2801.59kg·hm-2-5288.01kg·hm-2和2897.26kg·hm2-5770.14kg·hm-2之间,平均4124.70kg·hm-2和4381.07kg·hm-2。其中,枯叶>枯枝>林下植物>果实>花。随着林龄的增加,橡胶人工林凋落物和林下植被的碳储量均逐渐增大。加上林下植被、凋落物和生产的橡胶,每公顷橡胶人工林生态系统在30a生命周期中固定C的总量为PR107:302.4t·hm-2; RRIM600:287.35t·hm-2,平均年固定量为10.07t·hm-2和9.58t·hm-2
(3)通过瑞典税率和工业制氧价格对橡胶人工林生态系统的固碳释氧价值进行估算,结果显示：
PR107：固碳总价值为45306美元／公顷,释氧总价值为39934.19美元／公顷,固碳释氧总价值达到85240.19美元／公顷；
RRIM600:固碳总价值为43102.50美元／公顷,释氧总价值为37991.95美元／公顷,固碳释氧总价值达到81094.45美元／公顷。
可以认为,橡胶人工林在生产胶乳和木材的同时,吸收了大量的温室气体CO2,并长期固定在生物体中,因此橡胶人工林是巨大的碳汇生态系统,它在减缓全球气候变化中的作用是不可低估的。我们还可以进一步认为,橡胶人工林栽培是一种直接生态服务效益和间接生态服务效益兼得的生态产业活动,值得重视和支持。本研究的结果可为正确评价橡胶人工林在区域和全球气候变化中的作用提供科学依据。
The main focus of this study was to estimate carbon sequestration in two 30a rubber plantations in Hainan (Clone PR107 and clone RRIM600). Biomass method was introduced to study carbon sequestration in tree layer, understory vegetation and litterfall in this ecosystem. The major results and conclusions are summarized below.
The rate of carbon content in various organs of rubber tree fluctuated within the range of 45.16%-53.73%, with the order as followed:leaf>trunk> branches>bark>roots. Whereas, the order of carbon stock in various organs were as followed,PR107:trunk(55%)>branch (18%)>roots (17%)>bark (8%)>leaf (2%);RRIM600:trunk (43%)>branch (28%)>roots (16%)>bark (11%)>leaves (2%). SAS9.0 was used to establish two types of regression models for rubber tree, namely, the first model between carbon storage in various organs and girth (G), the second model between carbon stock and tree height plus diameter at breast height (D2H), all the first regression model with girth as a variable was used to estimate carbon stock in the rubber tree in each level, so that carbon stock in every girth intervals would be obtained. The average rubber tree density in Hainan is 450/hm2, which lead to PR107:153.51t·hm-2, RRIM600:131.13t·hm-2 carbon sequestration in rubber tree during their 30 years life cycle.
Annual located monitoring suggested that carbon stock in litterfall was PR107:110.81 t·hm-2; RRIM600:120.26 t·hm-2, throughout the life cycle 30 years, and carbon stock in understory vegetation was PR107:12.93t·hm-2; RRIM600:11.17t·hm-2. Carbon content in litterfall and understory vegetation ranges from 44.83%-49.17%, with the sequence fruit>leaves>flowers>understory vegetation>deadwood. Each year, PR107&RRIM600 carbon stock in litterfall under 8a-22a rubber tree varies from 2801.59 kg·hm-2-5288.01kg·hm-2、2897.26 kg·hm-2-5770.14 kg·hm-2, with the average value of 4124.70 kg·hm-2、4381.07kg·hm-2. The order for carbon stock in litterfall appeared to be:dead leaves>deadwood>understory vegetation>fruit>flower. In other words, along with increasing in tree age, carbon stock in litter and understory vegetation of rubber plantation is gradually increasing. For that, the total value of carbon sequestration during 30year's life cycle for rubber plantation ecosystem are:PR107:302.4t·hm-2; RRIM600:287.35t·hm-2, which means the average annual fixed amount are 10.07t·hm-2 and 9.58t·hm-2.
According to these, the total value of C sequestration and O2 release for plant subsystem in rubber plantation (PR107&RRIM600) ecosystem could be calculated. The results show that: PR107:45,306 U.S. dollars for C sequestration per hectare; 39,934.19 U.S. dollars for O2 release per hectare, that is to say,85,240.19 U.S. dollars for the total value of C sequestration and O2 release per hectare.
It is therefore concluded that rubber plantation forest can sequester large amount of green house gas CO2 and store in its biomass during its economic life span and product's life span while producing latex and timber. It is on this context that rubber plantation forest is considered a large canban sink that helps the slow down of global climate change. Rubber plantation forest development can offer direct and indirect eocological services. The present result is of certain significance so as to proper valuation of rubber plantation forest in regional and global climate change studies.
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