摘要
多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs)是指具有两个或两个以上苯的一类有机化合物,是环境中普遍存在的持久性有机污染物,主要源于火山喷发、森林火灾等自然过程及石油化工、燃煤等人类活动。因多数PAHs都具有较强的“三致”效应,威胁着土壤的生态安全和人类健康,修复土壤PAHs污染已成为环境领域研究的热点问题。
植物修技术具有投资少、费用低的特点,发展潜力巨大。本文采用盆栽试验法,选用萘、苯并(a)芘为PAHs代表物,系统研究不同土壤-植物系统对PAHs的吸收富集、修复、去除的种间差异,明确植物对土壤中PAHs的吸收积累作用；对比分析各种生物、非生物因子在PAHs去除过程中的作用,揭示植物修复机制。探讨单种、混种栽培模式对PAHs污染的修复特征,为生产和科研提供理论依据。主要结果如下：
(1)植物修复PAHs污染土壤的种间差异
取用狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon L.)、黑麦草(Lolium multiflor Lam)、细羊茅(Festuca rubra)、结缕草(Zoysia japonica Steud)、地毯草(Axonopus affinis)等5种豫北地区常见乡土植物,采用盆栽试验法对土壤中萘、苯并(a)芘污染的修复作用进行研究。结果显示：0-300mg·kg-1范围内,植物能不同程度地去除促进土壤中萘、苯并(a)芘,但效果在种间差异很大：55d后,地毯草、细羊茅等植物对土壤中PAHs污染的去除效果较好,特别是细羊茅对土壤中萘和苯并(a)芘的去除率分别达到了57.62～86.77%和48.17-77.41%。植物修复土壤萘和苯并(a)芘的效率与植物生物量关系不大。随着土壤中PAHs添加浓度的升高,植物组织中PAHs含量逐渐增大,但对PAHs污染物的富集系数却逐渐减小,相同污染水平下,根系PAHs含量、富集系数远大于茎和叶。PAHs在根系富集系数与根部脂肪含量显著正相关,但与根部含水量的相关性不显著；相同条件下,植物根部的苯并(a)芘含量、对苯并(a)芘的富集系数均大于萘。
(2)土壤-植物(细羊茅)系统对PAHs污染土壤的修复作用及机制
以细羊茅为试验材料,研究了植物修复萘、苯并(a)芘污染的去除效果,结果显示,试验浓度范围内,种植细羊茅能有效修复土壤中萘、苯并(a)芘污染。细羊茅能吸收、富集部分PAHs,植物组织中PAHs含量随添加浓度的升高而增大,且根部大于茎叶部、苯并(a)芘大于萘,但生物浓缩系数却系逐渐减小。55d后,细羊茅-微生物系统中萘、苯并(a)芘去除率分别为50.72～83.17%、44.34-77.42%；比对照组高出46.40%、43.53%。修复过程中,植物吸收积累不是植物促进土壤中萘和苯并(a)芘降解的主要原因,非生物因子、植物吸收积累、微生物降解对萘的去除率分别为4.98%、0.017%、18.77%,对苯并(a)芘的去除率分别为2.51%、0.11%、15.55%；植物-微生物交互作用对萘、苯并(a)芘的去除率分别为61.53%、56.275%。说明植物-微生物交互作用是细羊茅修复萘、苯并(a)芘污染的主要途径。
(3)种植模式(单种、混种)对PAHs污染土壤修复作用的影响
以黑麦草、地毯草两种植物为试验材料,研究了植物在单种、混种模式下对PAHs的去除效果、修复行为。结果显示,在试验浓度范围内,黑麦草、地毯草能够在萘、苯并(a)芘污染土壤中正常生长,污染水平、栽培模式差异对植物生长影响较小。黑麦草、地毯草联合种植55d后,土壤中萘、苯并(a)芘平均去除率为74.69%、68.16%,分别比单独种植时高出43.92%、46.97%和4.67%、16.32%，联合效应显著。植物本身能吸收与累积一定量的PAHs,累积量与土壤中萘、苯并(a)芘的添加浓度正相关。相同污染水平下,茎叶部积累量低于根部、萘小于苯并(a)芘、混种模式低于单种模式。在植物-微生物系统中,微生物降解、植物-微生物联合效应是萘、苯并(a)芘去除的主要途径,但植物-微生物联合效应是混种模式下强化修复PAHs污染的主要原因。
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), one of the widely existed persistent organic polluants (POPs) in the environment, are formed during the incomplete combustion of fossil fuel, wood, and other organic substances, which is a class organic compounds of two or more benzene in it. PAHs are threatende the health of human being and ecological safety of the environment because of their toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic properties. The remediation of PAHs is one of the hot spots in the environment fields.
Phytoremediation is a promising approach to soil remediation due to its low investment and low cost compared to other approaches. In this dissertation, based on the review of phytoremediation of PAHs, pot experiments were applied to investigate the accumulation and remediation behavior and the interspecific difference of naphthalene (Nap) and benzo(a)pyrene pyrene (Pyr), two typical kinds of PAHs, in the system of soils and plants. The accumulation effect of plants to PAHs in the soils was cleared. These degradation effects of biological and non-biological factors were compared and analysed in order to reveal the remediaton mechanisms. On this basis, the removal and remediation of PAHs in soils by single-species and mixed species planting patterns were also compared. These results provided a theoretical basis for the formulation of ecomomic and effective remediation of PAHs. The main original conclusions are shown as follows.
1. Screening of six plant species for phytoremediation of naphthalene or benzo(a)pyrene pyrene in soils
Five plant species, Cynodon dactylon L., Lolium multiflorum Lam, Festuca rubra, Zoysia japonica Steud, Axonopus affinis, were screened for their ability for the cleanup of PAH-spiked soil at their initial concentrations of ranging from 0 to 300 mg-kg~(-1) by pots experiments in a greenhouse. It is showed that the removal of Nap and Pyr were promoted by the five plant species, but the interspecific difference varied deeply. At the end of the experiment (55d), it is showed that the removal of Nap and Pyr by Axonopus affinis and Festuca rubra were better than others plants. The removal rates of Nap and Pyr in the vegetated soils were 57.62～82.27% and 48.17～77.41% by Festuca rubra, respectively. Phytoremediation efficiencies of Nap and Pyr in soils have little to do with the plant biomass. It is showed that these plants have absorbation and accumlation effect to PAHs in soil through the remedation. These results suggested that with the increase of their initial concentrations, the accumulations concentrations of Nap or Pyr in plant tissues monotonically increased, but BCFs (bio-concentration factors) of these compounds gradually decreased. Under the same contamination level, PAHs concentrations in shoot and SCFs (shoot concentration factors) were always significantly lower than those concentrations in root and RCFs (root concentration factors). The concentrations of Nap in plants are always lower than those of Pyr. Plants uptake and accumulations of these compounds were evident, RCFs of these compounds significantly positively correlated to root lipid contents, but similar correlations to root water contents could not be found. Results from this study also suggested a feasibility of the establishment of phytoremediation for soil PAHs contamination.
2. Removal and remediation mechanisms of PAHs in soil by Festuca rubra
Pot experiments were carried out to investigate the accumulation and removal mechanisms and efficiencies of PAHs by Lolium multiflorum Lam. It is showed that plantation of Festuca rubra significantly removed Nap and Pyr from soils at their initial concentrations of 0 to 300 mg-kg~(-1). After 55 days plantation of Festuca rubra, about 50.72%-83.17% of Nap and 44.34%～77.42% of Pyr were removed from the soils, respectively. The removal rates of Festuca rubra were averagely 46.40% of Nap and 43.53% of Pyr from the soils higher than that of control soils. PAHs were absorbed and accumulated by Festuca rubra. These results suggested that with the increase of their initial concentrations, the accumulations concentrations of Nap or Pyr in plant tissues monotonically increased, but BCFs (bio-concentration factors) of these compounds gradually decreased. It showed that accumulation of Nap and Pyr by Festuca rubra wasn't the main reason for their degradation. The removal rates of Nap by non-biotic factors, accumulation and degradation of macrobiotic were 4.98%、0.017%、18.77%, respectively. The removal rates of Pyr by non-biotic factors, accumulation and degradation of macrobiotic were 2.51%、0.11%、15.55%, respectively. However, the removal rates of Nap and Pyr by plant-microbial interactions were 61.53%、56.275%, respectively. It suggested that the plant-microbial interactions was the main reason for remove of Nap and Pyr.
3. Multispecies phytoremediation of naphthalene or benzo(a)pyrene pyrene in soils
The potentials of two plant species, Lolium multiflorum Lam. and Axonopus affinis, separately or jointly on the degradation of PAHs in soil were estimated by pots experiments in a greenhouse. It showed that the presence of vegetation and multispecies had little effect on their growth in soils at their initial concentrations ranging from 0 to 300 mg-kg~(-1). At the end of the 55 d experiment, the removal rate of Nap and Pyr in soils with Axonopus affinis and Lolium multiflorum in mixed cropping were 74.69%、68.16%, respectively, what were 43.92%、46.97%, 4.67%、16.32% higher than single cropping. PAHs were absorbed and accumulated by plant and the amount was positively related to the initial concentration of Nap and Pyr. Under the same contamination level, PAHs concentrations in shoot and SCFs (shoot concentration factors) were lower than those concentrations in root and RCFs (root concentration factors). The concentrations of Nap in plants are always lower than those of Pyr. In the plant-microbial system, the degradation of microorganism and plant-microbial interactions were the main reason for the removal of Nap and Pyr. These Results suggested a feasibility of the establishment of multispecies phytoremediation to improve the efficiency of bioaugmentation in decontaminating PAHs contaminated soils, decreasing crop accumulations to PAHs and reducing risks associated with PAHs.
引文
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