摘要
由共轭聚合物与无机纳米结构形成的复合材料已经在光电池、传感器、非线性光学、电致发光与显示器件等领域引起越来越多的关注。聚炔作为原型的共轭聚合物,近年来在科学家坚持不懈的探索下已经展现出了如发光、光学非线性、手性放大、液晶性等一系列优异的性能。将聚炔与无机纳米结构进行复合,对复合体系进行深入系统的研究,对于丰富和发展光电功能材料的基础科学理论、研制基于共轭聚合物的新型光电功能材料与器件都具有重要意义。
然而,和其它聚合物一样,聚炔与无机半导体或金属纳米结构是不相容体系。在聚炔侧链引入巯基、吡啶基、氨基等活性官能团来增强其与无机组分的相互作用、改善相容性是本论文采取的一个根本策略。但是,带巯基、吡啶基、氨基等活性基团的聚炔的合成是功能化聚炔领域的一个挑战,也成为这一策略的实施需要解决的关键科学问题。本文通过基团保护、催化剂选择、聚合条件优化等措施成功地合成了一系列带有巯基、氨基和吡啶基等可组装官能团的聚炔,利用这些官能团与无机纳米结构之间强的相互作用成功地制备了聚炔与CdS、ZnO、PbBr_2及Ag纳米粒子等无机纳米材料的复合物,并对复合材料的光电导、导电、发光等性能进行了系统地研究。
首先,设计合成了巯基官能化的炔单体。巯基易使过渡金属催化剂中毒而无法直接聚合,[Rh(cod)Cl]_2虽然可以将单体聚合,但得到的聚合物不溶。因此我们采用含巯基的炔单体与CdS纳米棒组装进而在其表面引发共聚的方法制备了PPA与CdS纳米棒的复合物,最终的复合体系具有良好的稳定性、溶解性和成膜性,巯基与CdS纳米棒之间强的相互作用极大地提高了两组分之间的相容性,n型CdS纳米棒在复合物薄膜中的均匀分散及其与p型聚炔之间的光致电荷转移共同提高了复合物的光电导性能。
其次,通过分子结构设计、催化剂选择以及聚合条件优化等方法成功地解决了巯基官能化聚炔溶解性差的问题,合成了三种在有机溶剂中溶解性良好的带有含硫基团侧基的聚炔。利用聚苯乙炔主链对碳纳米管进行增溶,进而利用侧链中的含硫基团成功地将ZnO纳米颗粒或CdS纳米棒组装到碳纳米管表面,分别制备了CNTs/聚炔/ZnO纳米粒子和CNTs/聚炔/CdS纳米棒的三元复合体系,体系中各组分保留了其独立的电子结构。无机组分通过“软着陆”的方式组装于碳管外围,复合后碳管及无机组分的形态特征保持不变,避免了传统的化学或物理气相沉积方法对碳管造成的破坏,克服了水热及溶剂热方法中存在的无机纳米结构不可控的缺点,提供了一种新的多元复合纳米结构的制备方法。
第三,设计合成了可溶的含吡啶基聚炔,用碘甲烷将吡啶基季胺盐化得到了离子型聚炔。在离子型聚炔溶液中加入Ag~+离子原位生成AgI,进而在紫外光照下分解成功制备了聚炔/Ag纳米粒子复合物,通过加入不同量的Ag~+离子可以对最终体系中Ag纳米粒子的尺寸进行调控,复合体系表现出了良好的储存稳定性,提供了一种制备稳定的金属纳米粒子的新方法。同时,复合物的导电性能随体系中Ag纳米粒子含量的增加而显著提高。
第四,合成了带有邻苯二甲酰亚胺基团的双取代炔单体,通过聚合、脱保护的方法得到了带有“自由”氨基的双取代聚炔,通过季胺盐化进而与PbBr_2复合的方法成功制备了带有“活性”有机组分的共轭聚合物-PbBr_2杂化钙钛矿复合材料。复合体系中,聚炔赋予材料良好的溶解性、可加工性、电子共轭以及光响应性能,无机组分增大了聚合物的共轭程度、削弱了聚合物链段间的相互作用、提供了荧光发射所需的激子能量、提高了材料的发光效率并加快了复合物的光漂白过程。最终的复合物表现出了许多优于其单独组分的性能,证明了两组分分子级复合后各自的性能在复合体系中不仅实现了“功能互补”还实现了“协同增强”。利用复合物的光漂白性能通过一步法制备了荧光光刻图案,该方法无需任何后处理,有望应用于光学显示,信息存储等领域。
最后,从发现邻苯二甲酰亚胺基团的双取代聚炔纳米线在高能电子束辐射下发生显著形变的偶然现象出发,系统地观察了线型和超支化、共轭和非共轭聚合物纳米线(管)在电子束作用下的运动行为,提出纳米线(管)形变的物理起因是聚合物的应力松弛的假说,并通过这些纳米线(管)在高于玻璃化转变的温度下退火后形变消除的事实,证明了假说的合理性。这一发现提示:聚合物纳米结构在制备和加工的过程中存在着与宏观材料相同的应力问题,为避免这些应力对纳米线(管)的性能造成负面影响,使用前同样需要经过退火处理。这为研究和使用聚合物纳米结构提供了一个重要的信息。
Hybrids based on conjugated polymers and inorganic nanomaterials have attracted much attention among scientists in the areas of solar cells, sensors, display, optical nonlinearity and light-emitting diodes. Polyacetylene is an archetypalπ-conjugated polymer and its derivatives bearing appropriate substituents have exhibited a variety of novel properties, such as light emission, nonlinear optical property, chirality amplification and liquid crystallinity. The hybridization of polyacetylenes with inorganic nanostructures and the systematic study on the preparation and properties of the hybrids will be significant both for enriching and developing the fundamental understanding of photoelectronic functional materials, and for fabricating electronic and optical devices based on conjugated polymers.
Unfortunately, the immiscibility between polyacetylenes and inorganic materials and the challenge to synthesize the polyacetylenes with self-assembling functionalities on the side chains make the hybridization of polyacetylenes and inorganic materials to be a hard task. In this paper, we took this challenge. Through molecular design, catalyst selection and optimization of polymerization conditions, we successfully synthesized a series of functional polyacetylene derivatives bearing different self-assembling anchor groups such as thiol, amino and pyridyl. Utilizing the strong interactions between these groups and inorganic nanostructures, we prepared several types of hybrids based on polyacetylenes and inorganic nanomaterials, e.g. CdS nanorods, ZnO nanoparticles, layered PbBr_2 perovskite structures and Ag nanoparticles, and studied the derived hybrids' properties such as photoconductivity, conductivity and light emitting properties.
We firstly synthesized a thiol-functionalized acetylene monomer, but the monomer cannot be polymerized directly because of the poisoning effect of thiol group on the early transition-metal catalysts. Though [Rh(cod)Cl]_2 can catalyze the polymerizations, the products are insoluble and intractable. Hence, we changed to a modified way and successfully prepared soluble hybrids of poly(phenylacetylene) (PPA) and CdS nanorods by copolymerizations of phenylacetylene with the thiol-functionalized acetylene monomer chemisorbed on the surface of CdS nanorods. The hybrid exhibited excellent stability, solubility and film formability. The interaction between thiol group and CdS nanorods greatly improved the compatibility between the organic and inorganic components. CdS nanorods were uniformly dispersed in the film of the hybrid and the photoinduced charge transfer happened between the n-type inorganic nanostructure and p-type polyacetylenes, which enhanced the photoconductivity of the hybrid.
Secondly, through molecular design, catalyst selection and optimization of polymeric conditions, we further tackled the problem of the insolubility of thiol-functionalized Polyacetylene derivatives and synthesized three kinds of new polyacetylenes with the sulfur-containing pendants, which can dissolve in many common organic solvents. The hybrids of these sulfur-containing polyacetylenes and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) showed good solubility in organic solvents. Meanwhile, the wrapping of the polymer chains on MWNTs led to the surface functionalization. By aid of the interaction between sulfur-containing group and Zinc cations, ZnO nanoparticles were assembled onto out-shells of the hybrids and hence new three-component nanohybrids of polymer/MWNTs/ZnO were derived. In the hybrids, all the components retained their pristine electric feature and both CNTs and ZnO nanoparticles preserved their pristine morphological characteristics. The inorganic components attached onto CNTs in a "soft-landing" way instead of direct contacting with CNTs in the traditional chemical or physical vapor deposition method, which may result in the damage to CNTs. The successful fabrication of polymer/MWNTs/CdS nanorods hybrids indicated that in our method, we may prepare the inorganic nanostructures with well-defined shape in advance and then assemble them onto the template of CNTs. It was definite that our method is prior to the hydrothermal and solvothermal methods, in which, the morphology of the inorganic materials is uncontrollable. These results suggested a novel route to the fabrication of multi-component nanostructures.
Thirdly, we synthesized a Polyacetylene with pyridyl group, quaternization of which afforded a type of polysalt. The strong electrostatic interactions among the charged pyridyl groups extended the conjugation length and enhanced the thermal stability of the polymer. By adding Ag~+ into the solution of the polysalt and subsequently exposing to the UV light to in situ decompose the AgI formed in the system, we prepared polymer/Ag nanoparticles hybrid. The size of Ag nanoparticles can be controlled by the amount of Ag~+ added in the solution and the hybrids showed very excellent storage-stability, which provide a new method to prepare Ag nanoparticles stabilized by polymers. The conductivity of the hybrids was increased with increasing the amount of Ag nanoparticles.
A disubstituted Polyacetylene (PA) with phthalimido group was synthesized, hydrolysis and quaternization of which afforded the desired PA ammonium salt. Mixing this polysalt with PbBr_2 readily yielded a highly photoresponsive perovskite hybrid containing an electroactive Polyacetylene. In the hybrid, organic component endows it with solvent miscibility, macroscopic processability, electronic conjugation, and photonic responsiveness, while the inorganic component helps lengthen the electronic conjugation, weaken the chain interaction, supply the exciton energy, enhance the emission efficiency, and accelerate the photobleaching process. Many properties of the hybrid were better than those of its single components, indicating that the complementary and synergic effects of the two building blocks in the hybrid were realized arising from the molecular interactions between them. The two-dimensional fluorescence image pattern was created by a one-step irradiation process without going through a development step, which has technological implications and may find practical applications in such systems as optical display and information storage.
Finally, starting from the observation that the nanowires of disubstituted Polyacetylene with phthalimido group showed dramatic deformation under irradiation of electron beams, we investigated this phenomenon for many nanowires and nanotubes derived from linear and hyperbranched, conjugated and non-conjugated polymers, and it was found that all the polymer nanostructures exhibited the similar behavior. Once the nanowires or nanotubes were annealed at the temperature higher than its glass transition temperature before the SEM measurement, the moving phenomenon disappeared. These experimental results indicated that, just like the bulk polymer materials, there will also be some stress left in the polymer nanowires or nanotubes. This is a very important instruction for the people who want to study and use the polymer nanowires or nanotubes. To avoid the disadvantageous effect of these stress to the properties of polymer nanostructures, one must annealed them before use it, just as what we did before use the polymer materials in the macroscopic world.
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