WTO“双轨制”下的农业补贴制度改革
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摘要
农业补贴制度改革是影响WTO现代化改革未来走向的核心传统议题。现有WTO体制采取"双轨制"严格区分农业补贴和非农业补贴,通过《农业协议》确立了一套独立于《补贴与反补贴协议》的独特农业补贴规则体系。"双轨制"作为一种过渡性安排,迈出了农业贸易自由化的第一步,但是也带来了WTO补贴监管体制的不一致,"和平条款"更是加剧了WTO补贴规则体系的结构性问题,对农业补贴争端解决实践提出了严峻挑战。本文基于对WTO补贴制度的历史与法律分析,建议未来的改革应实现两套补贴制度的融合。从短期来看,争端解决机构应努力澄清《农业协议》和《补贴协议》存在的概念差异,以便在WTO未来谈判中讨论监管融合问题;从长远来看,未来改革应避免规则的简单一体化,采用"灵活性规定"逐步推进补贴制度融合。
Agricultural subsidy system reform is the core traditional issue affecting the future trend of WTO modernization reform.The existing WTO system strictly distinguishes agricultural subsidies from nonagricultural subsidies under the dual-track system.Through the Agricultural Agreement,a set of unique agricultural subsidies rule system that is independent of the SCM has been established.As a transitional arrangement,the dual-track system has taken the first step of agricultural trade liberalization.However,the dual-track system brings about the inconsistency of the WTO subsidy regulatory mechanism,and the"peace clause"aggravates the structural problems of the WTO subsidy rule system,which poses a severe challenge to the practice of agricultural subsidy dispute settlement.Based on the historical and legal analysis of WTO subsidy rules,this paper suggests that the future WTO reform should realize the integration of two subsidy rules system.In the short term,DSB should try to clarify the conceptual differences between the Agriculture Agreement and the Subsidy Agreement in order to discuss the issue of regulatory integration in future WTO negotiations.In the long run,future reform should avoid simple integration and adopt"flexibility provisions"to achieve the gradual integration of subsidy system.
Agricultural subsidy system reform is the core traditional issue affecting the future trend of WTO modernization reform.The existing WTO system strictly distinguishes agricultural subsidies from nonagricultural subsidies under the dual-track system.Through the Agricultural Agreement,a set of unique agricultural subsidies rule system that is independent of the SCM has been established.As a transitional arrangement,the dual-track system has taken the first step of agricultural trade liberalization.However,the dual-track system brings about the inconsistency of the WTO subsidy regulatory mechanism,and the"peace clause"aggravates the structural problems of the WTO subsidy rule system,which poses a severe challenge to the practice of agricultural subsidy dispute settlement.Based on the historical and legal analysis of WTO subsidy rules,this paper suggests that the future WTO reform should realize the integration of two subsidy rules system.In the short term,DSB should try to clarify the conceptual differences between the Agriculture Agreement and the Subsidy Agreement in order to discuss the issue of regulatory integration in future WTO negotiations.In the long run,future reform should avoid simple integration and adopt"flexibility provisions"to achieve the gradual integration of subsidy system.
引文
[1]FILIPEK J G .Agriculture in a world of comparative advantage :the prospects for farm trade liberalization in the Uruguay round of GATT negotiations[J].Harv.Intl.I.J,1989,30(1):123-170.
[2] B L.The relationship between the WTO agreement on agriculture and the agreement on subsides and countervailing measures[EB/OL].[2018-05-03].http://www.law.cam.ac.uk/ssrn/.
[3]龚宇.WTO农产品贸易制度研究[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2003.
[4] 孙女尊.巴西诉美国棉花补贴案[J].WTO经济导刊,2004(11):86-87.
[5] 张乃根.“一带一路”视野下《贸易便利化协定》的实施问题[J].海关与经贸研究,2017(5):1-10.
(1)按照《WTO协议》第2.2条规定,附件1、2、3所含协议及相关法律文件为该协定不可分割的组成部分,对所有成员方均具有约束力,因此WTO一揽子协议间是累加适用的关系。
[2] B L.The relationship between the WTO agreement on agriculture and the agreement on subsides and countervailing measures[EB/OL].[2018-05-03].http://www.law.cam.ac.uk/ssrn/.
[3]龚宇.WTO农产品贸易制度研究[M].厦门:厦门大学出版社,2003.
[4] 孙女尊.巴西诉美国棉花补贴案[J].WTO经济导刊,2004(11):86-87.
[5] 张乃根.“一带一路”视野下《贸易便利化协定》的实施问题[J].海关与经贸研究,2017(5):1-10.
(1)按照《WTO协议》第2.2条规定,附件1、2、3所含协议及相关法律文件为该协定不可分割的组成部分,对所有成员方均具有约束力,因此WTO一揽子协议间是累加适用的关系。