广东大宝山矿区堆积土水土流失对重金属迁移量的影响
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摘要
矿区水土流失和重金属污染是造成区域生态环境损害的重要途径。采用野外径流小区模拟径流原位冲刷试验方法,以广东省大宝山矿区堆积时间为3 a的老弃土和堆积时间为0. 5 a的新弃土为研究对象,以自然土为对照,分析水土流失及重金属的迁移特征,以期为科学认知矿区生态破坏和重金属污染协同治理提供案例支撑。结果表明:(1) 2种类型堆积土径流量均随时间呈上升变化趋势,其20 min平均径流量分别为6. 52和5. 75 L·min~(-1),远大于自然土(0. 69 L·min~(-1))。(2)新弃土径流含沙量和产沙率均最高,分别为156. 79 g·L~(-1)和0. 99kg·min~(-1),老弃土(51. 68 g·L~(-1),0. 27 kg·min~(-1))次之,自然土最低。(3)新、老2种堆积土侵蚀泥沙Cd平均含量分别为自然土的11. 43倍和11. 20倍,平均流失率分别为自然土的361. 67和135. 33倍,且在产流初期Cd流失率最高,有明显的"初期冲刷"效应。Pb、Zn和Cu表现出与Cd一致的迁移特征。(4)径流泥沙中重金属含量与径流量呈极显著正相关关系(P<0. 01),重金属流失率与径流含沙量、产沙率呈极显著正相关关系(P<0. 01),径流及泥沙流失对重金属的迁移有明显影响。矿区土壤经扰动堆积后,水土流失量及重金属迁移量明显增加,且堆积时间越短,增幅越大。若要控制重金属对矿区外部环境的危害,必须治理矿区水土流失。
The characteristics of soil and water loss and migration of heavy metals in accumulative soils with different ages in the Dabaoshan mining area of Guangdong were studied using in situ runoff experiments. The results show that:( 1) The runoff of new spoil,old spoil,and natural soil all increased with time. The average runoff at 20 min was 6. 52,5. 75 and0. 69 L·min~(-1),respectively. For the same time period,the average runoff of the new spoil and old spoil soils were much higher than those of natural soils;( 2) The sediment concentration and rate of sediment yield of the new spoil and old spoils were higher than natural soils. The average sediment concentrations of new spoil soil and old spoil soil were 156. 79 and 51. 68 g·L~(-1),respectively,and the average rates of sediment yield were 0. 99 and 0. 27 kg·min~(-1),respectively.( 3) The average contents of Cd in new spoil and old spoil soil erosion sediments were 11. 43 and 11. 20 times of that in natural soils,respectively,and the average loss rates were 361. 67 and 135. 33 times of that in natural soils,respectively;The average content and loss rate of heavy metals in the erosion soil of new spoil and old spoil were much higher than those in natural soil,and there was obvious"initial flushing"effect; The migration patterns of Pb,Zn,and Cu were similar to Cd;( 4) There was a significant positive correlation between Cd,Pb,Zn and Cu content in runoff sediments and runoff.The loss rate of heavy metals was significantly positively correlated with runoff sediment content and sediment production rate. Runoff and sediment loss have a significant impact on the migration of heavy metals.
The characteristics of soil and water loss and migration of heavy metals in accumulative soils with different ages in the Dabaoshan mining area of Guangdong were studied using in situ runoff experiments. The results show that:( 1) The runoff of new spoil,old spoil,and natural soil all increased with time. The average runoff at 20 min was 6. 52,5. 75 and0. 69 L·min~(-1),respectively. For the same time period,the average runoff of the new spoil and old spoil soils were much higher than those of natural soils;( 2) The sediment concentration and rate of sediment yield of the new spoil and old spoils were higher than natural soils. The average sediment concentrations of new spoil soil and old spoil soil were 156. 79 and 51. 68 g·L~(-1),respectively,and the average rates of sediment yield were 0. 99 and 0. 27 kg·min~(-1),respectively.( 3) The average contents of Cd in new spoil and old spoil soil erosion sediments were 11. 43 and 11. 20 times of that in natural soils,respectively,and the average loss rates were 361. 67 and 135. 33 times of that in natural soils,respectively;The average content and loss rate of heavy metals in the erosion soil of new spoil and old spoil were much higher than those in natural soil,and there was obvious"initial flushing"effect; The migration patterns of Pb,Zn,and Cu were similar to Cd;( 4) There was a significant positive correlation between Cd,Pb,Zn and Cu content in runoff sediments and runoff.The loss rate of heavy metals was significantly positively correlated with runoff sediment content and sediment production rate. Runoff and sediment loss have a significant impact on the migration of heavy metals.
引文
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[18]林文杰,肖唐付,周晚春,等.黔西土法炼锌区Pb、Zn、Cd地球化学迁移特征[J].环境科学,2009,30(7):2065-2070.[LIN Wen-jie,XIAO Tang-fu,ZHOU Wan-chun,et al. Environmental Concerns on Geochemical Mobility of Lead,Zinc and Cadmium From Zinc Smelting Areas:Western Guizhou,China[J]. Environmental Science,2009,30(7):2065-2070.]
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[20]王振坤,靳宏,李学军,等.港口环境镉和铅的迁移行为研究及模型的建立[J].岩矿测试,2013,32(5):753-758.[WANG Zhen-kun,JIN Hong,LI Xue-jun,et al.Study on Migration of Lead and Admium in the Port Environment and Model Building[J].Rock and Mineral Analysis,2013,32(5):753-758.]
[21]景可,王万忠,郑粉莉.中国土壤侵蚀与环境[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:87-91.[JING Ke,WANG Wan-zhong,ZHENG Fenli.Soil Erosion and Environment in China[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2005:87-91.]
[22]史东梅,陈晏.紫色丘陵区农林混作模式的土壤抗冲性影响因素[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(5):1400-1409.[SHI Dongmei,CHEN Yan.The Influencing Factors of Soil Anti-Scouribility of Tree-Crop Intercropping Land in Purple Soil Hilly Region[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2008,41(5):1400-1409.]
[23]王昭,韩霁昌,李娟,等.绕城高速路面径流重金属初期效应研究[J].环境科学与技术,2017,40(增刊1):157-162.[WANG Zhao,HAN Ji-chang,LI Juan,et al. Research on Road Runoff of Heavy Metals First Flush Effect From City Beltway[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2017,40(Suppl.1):157-162.]
[24]甘华阳,卓慕宁,李定强,等.公路路面径流重金属污染特征[J].城市环境与城市生态,2007,20(3):34-37.[GAN Huayang,ZHUO Mu-ning,LI Ding-qiang,et al.Characteristics of Heavy Metal Pollution in Highway Rainfall Runoff[J]. Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2007,20(3):34-37.]
[2]吴迪,李存雄,邓琴,等.贵州省典型铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染状况评价[J].贵州农业科学,2010,38(1):92-94.[WU Di,LI Cun-xiong,DENG Qin,et al.Evaluation on Soil Heavy Metal Pollution Around Typical Lead and Zinc Mining Areas in Guizhou[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(1):92-94.]
[3]阎思诺,冯秀娟.金属矿区土壤治理研究进展[J].有色金属科学与工程,2010,1(1):67-71.[YAN Si-nuo,FENG Xiu-juan.On the Research Advances of Soil Remediation in Metal Mines[J].Nonferrous Metals Science and Engineering,2010,1(1):67-71.]
[4]佘玮,揭雨成,邢虎成,等.湖南冷水江锑矿区苎麻对重金属的吸收和富集特性[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(1):91-96.[SHE Wei,JIE Yu-cheng,XING Hu-cheng,et al.Uptake and Accumulation of Heavy Metal by Ramie(Boehmeria nivea)Growing on Antimony Mining Area in Lengshuijiang City of Hunan Province[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(1):91-96.]
[5]李海东,沈渭寿,司万童,等.中国矿区土地退化因素调查:概念、类型与方法[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(4):445-451.[LI Hai-dong,SHEN Wei-shou,SI Wan-tong,et al.Investigation of Driving Factors of Land Degradation in Mine Areas in China:Concept,Types and Approaches[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2015,31(4):445-451.]
[6]李海东,沈渭寿.金属和非金属矿山土地退化因素调查[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(3):351-354.[LI Hai-dong,SHEN Wei-shou.Driving Factors of Land Degradation in Metal and Non-Metal Mining Areas[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(3):351-354.]
[7]林初夏,卢文洲,吴永贵,等.大宝山矿水外排的环境影响:Ⅱ.农业生态系统[J].生态环境,2005,14(2):169-172.[LIN Chuxia,LU Wen-zhou,WU Yong-gui,et al. Environmental Impacts of Acid Mine Drainage From the Dabaoshan Mine:Ⅱ.Agricultural E-cosystem[J].Ecology and Environment,2005,14(2):169-172.]
[8]秦建桥,夏北成,周绪,等.粤北大宝山矿区尾矿场周围土壤重金属含量对土壤酶活性影响[J].生态环境,2008,17(4):1503-1508.[QIN Jian-qiao,XIA Bei-cheng,ZHOU Xu,et al. Soil Enzymatic Activities in Heavy Metals Contaminated Soils Around Dabaoshan Mine Tailings,Northern Guangdong[J]. Ecology and Environment,2008,17(4):1503-1508.]
[9]李永涛,张池,刘科学,等.粤北大宝山高含硫多金属矿污染的水稻土壤污染元素的多元分析[J].华南农业大学学报,2005,26(2):22-25,34.[LI Yong-tao,ZHANG Chi,LIU Ke-xue,et al.Multivariate Analysis of Contaminants in Paddy Soils Polluted by Dabaoshan Sulfur-Polymetallic Mines in the North of Guangdong[J].Journal of South China Agricultural University,2005,26(2):22-25,34.]
[10]梁涛,王浩,张秀梅,等.不同土地类型下重金属随暴雨径流迁移过程及速率对比[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(10):1756-1760.[LIANG Tao,WANG Hao,ZHANG Xiu-mei,et al.Transportation Processes and Rates of Heavy Metals in an Artificial Rainstorm Runoff Under Different Land Use Types[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(10):1756-1760.]
[11]陈三雄.广东大宝山矿区水土流失特征及重金属耐性植物筛选[D].南京:南京林业大学,2012.[CHEN San-xiong.Soil and Water Loss Characteristics and Heavy Metal Tolerant Plants Selection of Dabaoshan Mine of Guangdong[D]. Nanjing:Nanjing Forestry University,2012.]
[12]陈三雄,谢莉,陶东海,等.北江流域多金属矿山重金属随径流泥沙迁移特征研究[J].人民珠江,2012,33(5):59-63.[CHEN San-xiong,XIE Li,TAO Dong-hai,et al.Study on Heavy Metal Migration Characteristics With Runoff Sediment of Polymetallic Mine in Beijiang River Basin[J].Pearl River,2012,33(5):59-63.]
[13]马春艳,王占礼,寇晓梅,等.工程建设弃土弃渣水土流失过程试验研究[J].水土保持通报,2009,29(3):78-82.[MA Chunyan,WANG Zhan-li,KOU Xiao-mei,et al. Experimental Study of Soil and Water Loss Processes on Waste Soil and Residue in Project Construction[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,29(3):78-82.]
[14]魏慧,赵文武,王晶.土壤可蚀性研究述评[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(8):2749-2759.[WEI Hui,ZHAO Wen-wu,WANG Jing.Research Progress on Soil Erodibility[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2017,28(8):2749-2759.]
[15]郑子成,杨玉梅,李廷轩.不同退耕模式下土壤抗蚀性差异及其评价模型[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(10):199-205.[ZHENG Zi-cheng,YANG Yu-mei,LI Ting-xuan. Difference and Evaluation Model of Soil Anti-Erodibility With Different DeFarming Patterns[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2011,27(10):199-205.]
[16]敖子强,张杰,桂双林,等.赣西北土龙山金矿废弃地土壤污染及生态修复[J].矿业研究与开发,2015,35(12):93-96.[AO Zi-qiang,ZHANG Jie,GUI Shuang-lin,et al.Soil Pollution and Ecological Restoration of Gold Mining Wasteland in Tulongshan of Northwest Jiangxi[J].Mining Research and Development,2015,35(12):93-96.]
[17]邹艳娥,蒋萍萍,张强,等.碧水岩地下河中微量金属元素对降雨的响应特征及来源分析[J].环境科学,2015,36(12):4464-4470.[ZOU Yan-e,JIANG Ping-ping,ZHANG Qiang,et al. Response Mechanism of Trace Metals in the Bishuiyan Subterranean River to the Rainfall and Their Source Analysis[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(12):4464-4470.]
[18]林文杰,肖唐付,周晚春,等.黔西土法炼锌区Pb、Zn、Cd地球化学迁移特征[J].环境科学,2009,30(7):2065-2070.[LIN Wen-jie,XIAO Tang-fu,ZHOU Wan-chun,et al. Environmental Concerns on Geochemical Mobility of Lead,Zinc and Cadmium From Zinc Smelting Areas:Western Guizhou,China[J]. Environmental Science,2009,30(7):2065-2070.]
[19]庄云龙,石秀春.重金属由水相到沉积物相的标准迁移自由能[J].上海环境科学,2003,22(11):776-778,846-847.[ZHUANG Yun-long,SHI Xiu-chun. Standard Free Energy of Transferring Heavy Metals From Aquatie Phase to Sedimentary Phase[J]. Shanghai Environmental Science,2003,22(11):776-778,846-847.]
[20]王振坤,靳宏,李学军,等.港口环境镉和铅的迁移行为研究及模型的建立[J].岩矿测试,2013,32(5):753-758.[WANG Zhen-kun,JIN Hong,LI Xue-jun,et al.Study on Migration of Lead and Admium in the Port Environment and Model Building[J].Rock and Mineral Analysis,2013,32(5):753-758.]
[21]景可,王万忠,郑粉莉.中国土壤侵蚀与环境[M].北京:科学出版社,2005:87-91.[JING Ke,WANG Wan-zhong,ZHENG Fenli.Soil Erosion and Environment in China[M]. Beijing:Science Press,2005:87-91.]
[22]史东梅,陈晏.紫色丘陵区农林混作模式的土壤抗冲性影响因素[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(5):1400-1409.[SHI Dongmei,CHEN Yan.The Influencing Factors of Soil Anti-Scouribility of Tree-Crop Intercropping Land in Purple Soil Hilly Region[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2008,41(5):1400-1409.]
[23]王昭,韩霁昌,李娟,等.绕城高速路面径流重金属初期效应研究[J].环境科学与技术,2017,40(增刊1):157-162.[WANG Zhao,HAN Ji-chang,LI Juan,et al. Research on Road Runoff of Heavy Metals First Flush Effect From City Beltway[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2017,40(Suppl.1):157-162.]
[24]甘华阳,卓慕宁,李定强,等.公路路面径流重金属污染特征[J].城市环境与城市生态,2007,20(3):34-37.[GAN Huayang,ZHUO Mu-ning,LI Ding-qiang,et al.Characteristics of Heavy Metal Pollution in Highway Rainfall Runoff[J]. Urban Environment&Urban Ecology,2007,20(3):34-37.]