洞庭湖不同形态氮、磷和叶绿素a浓度的时空分布特征
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摘要
洞庭湖水体主要污染物为氮和磷,而有关洞庭湖营养盐赋存形态与叶绿素a的关系鲜有报道。为研究洞庭湖氮与磷的时空分布特征及其对叶绿素a(Chl-a)的影响,2017年在洞庭湖湖体、出湖口及8条入湖河流共20个断面采集了水样,分析了水体中不同形态氮、磷和Chl-a的质量浓度。结果表明,洞庭湖水体中总氮(TN)、溶解态总氮(DTN)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO_3~--N)质量浓度年均值分别为1.83、1.69、0.26、1.27 mg·L~(-1),总磷(TP)、溶解态总磷(DTP)、磷酸盐(DPO)、颗粒态磷(PP)质量浓度年均值分别为0.081、0.059、0.049、0.022 mg·L~(-1),Chl-a质量浓度平均值为4.84μg·L~(-1)。空间分布上,各形态氮和磷的质量浓度总体表现为:入湖口>出湖口>湖体,其中,区间入湖口水体中ρ(TN)、ρ(NH_4~+-N)、ρ(TP)、ρ(PP)最高,而ρ(NO_3~--N)、ρ(DTP)、ρ(DPO)在松滋口最高。ρ(Chl-a)表现为区间>湖体>出湖口>松滋口>四水。时间分布上,各形态氮与磷的质量浓度具有明显的季节变化特征,均表现为枯水期>平水期>丰水期;ρ(Chl-a)总体上呈现丰水期>平水期>枯水期的趋势。可见入湖河流对洞庭湖氮与磷的时空分布起了至关重要的作用,入湖污染负荷和人类活动(包括采沙和生产生活)是洞庭湖氮与磷空间分布的重要影响因素,而入湖水量可在一定程度上解释洞庭湖氮与磷的时间分布。总体而言,洞庭湖未出现明显的富营养化现象,这可能得益于其独特的水文条件(水循环周期短,流速较快),但流速较低的六门闸和大小西湖断面ρ(Chl-a)较高,夏季水华频发,应引起高度重视。
Nitrogen and phosphorus were the major pollutants in Dongting Lake. However, the relationships between concentration of nutrients in various forms and chlorophyll a in Dongting Lake were seldom studied. To study the temporal and spatial distributions of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) as well as their relationship with chlorophyll a(Chl-a) in Dongting Lake, samples of surface water from 20 typical sections including lake region, outflow river and eight inflow rivers were collected in 2017, and different forms of N, P and Chl-a concentrations were analyzed. The results showed that the average concentrations of total nitrogen(TN), dissolved total nitrogen(DTN),ammonia(NH_4~+-N) and nitrate(NO_3~--N) were 1.83, 1.69, 0.26 and 1.27 mg·L~(-1), respectively. The average concentrations of total phosphorus(TP), dissolved total phosphorus(DTP), phosphate(DPO) and particulate phosphorus(PP) were 0.081, 0.059, 0.049 and 0.022 mg·L~(-1), respectively. The average of Chl-a concentration was 4.84 μg·L~(-1). Spatially, the concentrations of different forms of N and P ranked as an order: inflow rivers>outflow river>lake region. In details, the highest concentrations of TN, NH_4~+-N, TP and PP were determined in Qujiang rivers, while the highest concentrations of NO_3~--N, DTP and DPO occurred in Songzi outlet. Chl-a concentrations decreased in the order of Qujian rivers>lake region>outflow river>Songzi outlet>Four rivers. In addition, an obvious seasonal variation was observed in terms of N and P concentrations. Various forms of N and P concentrations were ranked as an order as follow: the dry season>the normal season>the wet season. An inverted order was found in terms of Chl-a concentrations in temporal. Therefore, inflow rivers played an important role in the spatial and temporal distributions of N and P in Dongting Lake. Pollution load from inflow rivers and human activities(including sand dredging, human production and living) were considered as important factors affecting the spatial distribution of N and P in Dongting Lake. The inflow volume can explain the temporal distribution of N and P in Dongting Lake to some extent. Shortly, no serious eutrophication was detected in Dongting Lake, which might owe to its unique hydrological conditions with shorter hydraulic retention time and higher flow velocity. Algal bloom in summer and high Chl-a concentration were observed in the sections Liumenzha and Daxiaoxihu with lower flow velocity, which should be paid more attention.
Nitrogen and phosphorus were the major pollutants in Dongting Lake. However, the relationships between concentration of nutrients in various forms and chlorophyll a in Dongting Lake were seldom studied. To study the temporal and spatial distributions of nitrogen(N) and phosphorus(P) as well as their relationship with chlorophyll a(Chl-a) in Dongting Lake, samples of surface water from 20 typical sections including lake region, outflow river and eight inflow rivers were collected in 2017, and different forms of N, P and Chl-a concentrations were analyzed. The results showed that the average concentrations of total nitrogen(TN), dissolved total nitrogen(DTN),ammonia(NH_4~+-N) and nitrate(NO_3~--N) were 1.83, 1.69, 0.26 and 1.27 mg·L~(-1), respectively. The average concentrations of total phosphorus(TP), dissolved total phosphorus(DTP), phosphate(DPO) and particulate phosphorus(PP) were 0.081, 0.059, 0.049 and 0.022 mg·L~(-1), respectively. The average of Chl-a concentration was 4.84 μg·L~(-1). Spatially, the concentrations of different forms of N and P ranked as an order: inflow rivers>outflow river>lake region. In details, the highest concentrations of TN, NH_4~+-N, TP and PP were determined in Qujiang rivers, while the highest concentrations of NO_3~--N, DTP and DPO occurred in Songzi outlet. Chl-a concentrations decreased in the order of Qujian rivers>lake region>outflow river>Songzi outlet>Four rivers. In addition, an obvious seasonal variation was observed in terms of N and P concentrations. Various forms of N and P concentrations were ranked as an order as follow: the dry season>the normal season>the wet season. An inverted order was found in terms of Chl-a concentrations in temporal. Therefore, inflow rivers played an important role in the spatial and temporal distributions of N and P in Dongting Lake. Pollution load from inflow rivers and human activities(including sand dredging, human production and living) were considered as important factors affecting the spatial distribution of N and P in Dongting Lake. The inflow volume can explain the temporal distribution of N and P in Dongting Lake to some extent. Shortly, no serious eutrophication was detected in Dongting Lake, which might owe to its unique hydrological conditions with shorter hydraulic retention time and higher flow velocity. Algal bloom in summer and high Chl-a concentration were observed in the sections Liumenzha and Daxiaoxihu with lower flow velocity, which should be paid more attention.
引文
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陈波,王鹏,张华,2016.鄱阳湖水体氮磷污染研究进展[J].江西师范大学学报(自然科学版),40(4):437-441.CHEN B,WANG P,ZHANG H,2016.The review of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution in Poyang Lake water[J].Journal of Jiangxi Normal University(Natural Science),40(4):437-441.
国家环境保护总局,2002.水和废水监测分析方法[M].第4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社.State environmental protection administration,2002.Monitoring and analysis methods of water and wastewater[M].4th Edition.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press.
何征,万荣荣,戴雪,等,2015.近30年洞庭湖季节性水情变化及其对江湖水量交换变化的响应[J].湖泊科学,27(6):991-996.HE Z,WAN R R,DAI X,et al.,2015.Characteristics of the changing seasonal water regime in Lake Dongting and their response to the change of river-lake water exchange in recent 30 years[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,27(6):991-996.
侯秀富,郭沛涌,张华想,等,2013.水体悬浮颗粒物对斜生栅藻生理生化及光合活性的影响[J].环境科学学报,33(5):1446-1457.HOU X F,GUO P Y,ZHANG H X,et al.,2013.Effects of water suspended particulate matter on the physiological and photosynthetic activity of Scenedesmus obliquus[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,33(5):1446-1457.
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金相灿,辛玮光,卢少勇,等,2007.入湖污染河流对受纳湖湾水质的影响[J].环境科学研究,20(4):52-56.JIN X C,XIN W G,LU S Y,et al.,2007.Effect of polluted inflow river on water quality of Lake Bay[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,20(4):52-56.
李飞鹏,高雅,张海平,等,2015.流速对浮游藻类生长和种群变化影响的模拟实验[J].湖泊科学,27(1):44-49.LI F P,GAO Y,ZHANG H P,et al.,2015.Simulation experiment on the effect of flow velocity on phytoplankton growth and composition[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,27(1):44-49.
李利强,黄代中,熊剑,等,2014.洞庭湖浮游植物增长的限制性营养元素研究[J].生态环境学报,23(2):283-288.LI L Q,HUANG D Z,XIONG J,et al.,2014.Nutrient limiting phytoplankton growth in Dongting Lake[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,23(2):283-288.
李莹杰,王丽婧,李虹,等,2019.不同水期洞庭湖水体中磷分布特征及影响因素[J].环境科学,40(5):2170-2777.LI Y J,WANG L J,LI H,et al.,2019.Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of phosphorus in the Dongting Lake at different water periods[J].Environmental Science,40(5):2170-2777.
林日彭,倪兆奎,郭舒琨,等,2018.近25年洞庭湖水质演变趋势及下降风险[J].中国环境科学,38(12):4636-4643.LIN R P,Ni Z K,GUO S K,et al.,2018.The trend and downside risk of water quality evolution in Dongting Lake in recent 25 years[J].China Environmental Science,38(12):4636-4643.
田琪,李利强,欧伏平,等,2016.洞庭湖氮磷时空分布及形态组成特征[J].水生态学杂志,37(3):19-25.TIAN Q,LI L Q,OU F P,et al.,2016.Temporal-spatial distribution and speciation of nitrogen and phosphorus in Dongting Lake[J].Journal of Hydroecology,37(3):19-25.
田泽斌,王丽婧,李小宝,等,2014.洞庭湖出入湖污染物通量特征[J].环境科学研究,27(9):1008-1015.TIAN Z B,WANG L J,LI X B,et al.,2014.Characteristics analysis of pollutant influx and outflux in Dongting Lake[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,27(9):1008-1015.
王丑明,吴可方,张屹,等,2018.洞庭湖浮游植物时空变化特征及影响因素分析[J].淡水渔业,48(4):3-11.WANG C M,WU K F,ZHANG Y,et al.,2018.The analysis of spatial and temporal various characteristics and driving factors of phytoplankton in Dongting Lake[J].Freshwater Fisheries,48(4):3-11.
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