形态退化对中间锦鸡儿冠层茎流的影响
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摘要
为深入认识降水分布与荒漠草原退化人工中间锦鸡儿林灌丛茎流发生的关系,选取实验样地人工种植的带状中间锦鸡儿林,以自然散生中间锦鸡儿群落的天然灌丛(健康组)和临近的典型退化灌丛(退化组)为研究对象,利用2016—2017年监测获取的23次中小降水事件下(0～15 mm)中间锦鸡儿茎流数据,开展了不同灌丛间茎流的差异性、茎流随降水变化的分布、茎流与降水特征值的回归关系等方面的研究。结果表明:(1)健康组和退化组树干茎流分别为14.42 mm和15.9 mm,树干茎流分别占总降雨量的8.06%和7.91%,二者间无显著差异。(2)随着雨量级的增大健康组和退化组的茎流量和茎流百分比均呈递增的趋势;健康组的茎流量和茎流百分比变异系数呈先减小后增大的趋势,退化组的茎流量和茎流百分比变异系数呈递减趋势。(3)健康和退化组的树干茎流量与降雨量,降雨历时和降雨强度的关系可以用一元线性函数拟合,茎流量百分比与降雨量,降雨历时和降雨强度的关系用对数函数拟合效果较好。总体而言,中间锦鸡儿存在明显的冠层茎流汇水效应,但是灌丛形态退化对茎流无显著影响。
In order to deeply understand the relationship between precipitation distribution and the occurrence of stem flow in shrub of Caragana intermedia forest in degraded desert steppe, selection of Caragana intermedia banded forest planted in experimental plot, the natural thickets(healthy group) and adjacent typical degraded thickets(degenerated group) of Caragana intermedia community were taken as the research objects, based on the stem flow data of small and meso-scale precipitation events(0～15 mm) obtained from 2016 to 2017, the typical degraded shrubs(degraded group) and the natural scattered Caragana intermedia(healthy group) in desert steppe were selected, the differences in stem flow of different shrubs, the distribution of stem flow with precipitation, and the regression relationship between stem flow and precipitation characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that:(1) the stem flows of healthy and degraded groups were 14.42 mm and 15.9 mm, respectively, trunk and stem flow accounted for 8.06% and 7.91% of the total rainfall, respectively, and there was no significant difference between them;(2) as the rainfall level increased, the stem flow and stem flow percentage of the healthy group and the degraded group showed an increasing trend; in the healthy group, the variation coefficient of stem flow and stem flow percentage decreased first and increased later, while the variation coefficient of stem flow and stem flow percentage decreased in the degraded group;(3) the relationship between stem flow and rainfall, rainfall duration and rainfall intensity in healthy and degraded groups can be fitted with a linear function, and the relationship between stem flow percentage and rainfall, rainfall duration and rainfall intensity can be fitted with logarithmic function. In general, the significant water confluence effect in the middle Caragana intermedia was observed, but no significant effect on the stem flow was found due to the morphological degeneration of shrubs.
In order to deeply understand the relationship between precipitation distribution and the occurrence of stem flow in shrub of Caragana intermedia forest in degraded desert steppe, selection of Caragana intermedia banded forest planted in experimental plot, the natural thickets(healthy group) and adjacent typical degraded thickets(degenerated group) of Caragana intermedia community were taken as the research objects, based on the stem flow data of small and meso-scale precipitation events(0～15 mm) obtained from 2016 to 2017, the typical degraded shrubs(degraded group) and the natural scattered Caragana intermedia(healthy group) in desert steppe were selected, the differences in stem flow of different shrubs, the distribution of stem flow with precipitation, and the regression relationship between stem flow and precipitation characteristics were analyzed. The results showed that:(1) the stem flows of healthy and degraded groups were 14.42 mm and 15.9 mm, respectively, trunk and stem flow accounted for 8.06% and 7.91% of the total rainfall, respectively, and there was no significant difference between them;(2) as the rainfall level increased, the stem flow and stem flow percentage of the healthy group and the degraded group showed an increasing trend; in the healthy group, the variation coefficient of stem flow and stem flow percentage decreased first and increased later, while the variation coefficient of stem flow and stem flow percentage decreased in the degraded group;(3) the relationship between stem flow and rainfall, rainfall duration and rainfall intensity in healthy and degraded groups can be fitted with a linear function, and the relationship between stem flow percentage and rainfall, rainfall duration and rainfall intensity can be fitted with logarithmic function. In general, the significant water confluence effect in the middle Caragana intermedia was observed, but no significant effect on the stem flow was found due to the morphological degeneration of shrubs.
引文
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[13] 杨志鹏,李小雁,刘连友,等.毛乌素沙地固沙灌木树干茎流特征[J].科学通报,2008,53(8):939-945.
[14] 刘凯,王磊,宋乃平,等.毛乌素沙地南缘不同林龄人工柠条林土壤渗透性研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(5):89-94.
[15] Zhang Y F,Wang X P,Hu R,et al.Rainfall partitioning into throughfall,stemflow and interception loss by two xerophytic shrubs within a rain-fed re-vegetated desert ecosystem,northwestern China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,527:1084-1095.
[16] 杨新国,赵伟,陈林,等.荒漠草原人工柠条林土壤与植被的演变特征[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(4):590-594.
[17] 刘章文,陈仁升,宋耀选,等.祁连山典型灌丛降雨截留特征[J].生态学报,2012,32(4):1337-1346.
[18] 王正宁,王新平.荒漠灌丛树干茎流及其入渗,再分配特征[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(5):1108-1113.
[19] Martinezmeza E,Whitford W G.Stemflow,throughfall and channelization of stemflow by roots in three Chihuahuan desert shrubs[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1996,32(3):271-287.
[20] Jose N,Bryan R.Interception loss and rainfall redistribution by three semi-arid growing shrubs in northeastern Mexico[J].Journal of Hydrology(Amsterdam),1990,115(1/4):51-63.
[21] José N.The causes of stemflow variation in three semi-arid growing species of northeastern Mexico[J].Journal of Hydrology,1993,145(1/2):175-190.
[22] Mauchamp A,Janeau J L.Water funnelling by the crown of Flourensia cernua,a Chihuahuan Desert shrub[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1993,25(3):299-306.
[23] Whitford W G,Anderson J,Rice P M.Stemflow contribution to the ‘fertile island’ effect in creosotebush,Larrea tridentata[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1997,35(3):451-457.
[24] 杨志鹏,李小雁,伊万娟.荒漠灌木树干茎流及其生态水文效应研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(2):303-311.
[25] 荐圣淇.黄土高原典型灌木树干茎流特征及其生态水文效应[D].兰州:兰州大学,2013.
[26] 杨宪龙.黄土高原北部典型灌丛降水再分配特征及其蒸散耗水规律[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[27] Crockford R H,Richardson D P.Partitioning of rainfall into throughfall,stemflow and interception:Effect of forest type,ground cover and climate[J].Hydrological Processes,2000,14(16/17):2903-2920.
[28] José N,Charles F,Jurado E.Spatial variations of interception loss components by Tamaulipan thornscrub in northeastern Mexico[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1999,124(2/3):231-239.
[29] Belmonte Serrato F,Romero Diaz A.A simple technique for measuring rainfall interception by small shrub:‘interception flow collection box’[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,12(3):471-481.
[30] Yang Z P,Li X Y,Liu L Y,et al.Characteristics of stemflow for sand-fixed shrubs in Mu Us sandy land,Northwest China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(14):2207-2214.
[31] Martinez-Meza E.Stemflow throughfall and root water chan-nelization by three arid land shrubs in southern New Mexico[D].Las Cruces:New Mexico State University,1994.
[32] Davie T J A,Durocher M G.A model to consider the spatial variability of rainfall partitioning within deciduous canopy.I.Model description[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,11(11):1509-1523.
[33] Owens M K,Lyons R K,Alejandro C L.Rainfall partitioning within semiarid juniper communities:effects of event size and canopy cover[J].Hydrological Processes,2006,20(15):3179-3189.
[2] 张瑜,郑士光,贾黎明,等.晋西北低效柠条林老龄复壮技术及能源化利用[J].水土保持研究,2013,20(2):160-164.
[3] 周择福,张光灿,刘霞,等.树干茎流研究方法及其述评[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(3):137-140.
[4] Levia D F,Frost E E.A review and evaluation of stemflow literature in the hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles of forested and agricultural ecosystems[J].Journal of Hydrology(Amsterdam),2003,274(1/4):1-29.
[5] Carlyle-Moses D E.Throughfall stemflow and canopy interception loss fluxes in a semi-arid Sierra Madre Oriental matorral community[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2004,58(2):181-202.
[6] G?tz Schroth,Silva L F D,Wolf M A,et al.Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi-strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,13(10):1423-1436.
[7] Stadler B,Michalzik B.Aphid infested Norway spruce are ‘hot spots’ in throughfall carbon chemistry in coniferous forests[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2011,28(11):1717-1722.
[8] Price A G,Dunham K,Carleton T,et al.Variability of water fluxes through the black spruce(Picea mariana)canopy and feather moss(Pleurozium schreberi)carpet in the boreal forest of Northern Manitoba[J].Journal of Hydrology(Amsterdam),1997,196(1/4):310-323.
[9] Taniguchi M,Tsujimura M,Tanaka T.Significance of stemflow in groundwater recharge.1:Evaluation of the stemflow contribution to recharge using a mass balance approach[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,10(1):71-80.
[10] Tanaka T,Taniguchi M,Tsujimura M.Significance of stemflow in groundwater recharge.2:A cylindrical infiltration model for evaluating the stemflow contribution to groundwater recharge[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,10(1):81-88.
[11] Soulsby C,Reynolds B.The chemistry of throughfall,stemflow and soil water beneath oak woodland and moorland vegetation in upland wales[J].Chemistry and Ecology,1994,9(2):115-134.
[12] Crockford R H,Richardson D P.Partitioning of rainfall in an eucalypt forest and pine plantation in southeastern Australia.Ⅲ:De-termination of the canopy storage capacity of a dry sclerophyll eucalypt forest[J].Hydrol.Proc.,1990,4:157-167.
[13] 杨志鹏,李小雁,刘连友,等.毛乌素沙地固沙灌木树干茎流特征[J].科学通报,2008,53(8):939-945.
[14] 刘凯,王磊,宋乃平,等.毛乌素沙地南缘不同林龄人工柠条林土壤渗透性研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(5):89-94.
[15] Zhang Y F,Wang X P,Hu R,et al.Rainfall partitioning into throughfall,stemflow and interception loss by two xerophytic shrubs within a rain-fed re-vegetated desert ecosystem,northwestern China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,527:1084-1095.
[16] 杨新国,赵伟,陈林,等.荒漠草原人工柠条林土壤与植被的演变特征[J].生态环境学报,2015,24(4):590-594.
[17] 刘章文,陈仁升,宋耀选,等.祁连山典型灌丛降雨截留特征[J].生态学报,2012,32(4):1337-1346.
[18] 王正宁,王新平.荒漠灌丛树干茎流及其入渗,再分配特征[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(5):1108-1113.
[19] Martinezmeza E,Whitford W G.Stemflow,throughfall and channelization of stemflow by roots in three Chihuahuan desert shrubs[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1996,32(3):271-287.
[20] Jose N,Bryan R.Interception loss and rainfall redistribution by three semi-arid growing shrubs in northeastern Mexico[J].Journal of Hydrology(Amsterdam),1990,115(1/4):51-63.
[21] José N.The causes of stemflow variation in three semi-arid growing species of northeastern Mexico[J].Journal of Hydrology,1993,145(1/2):175-190.
[22] Mauchamp A,Janeau J L.Water funnelling by the crown of Flourensia cernua,a Chihuahuan Desert shrub[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1993,25(3):299-306.
[23] Whitford W G,Anderson J,Rice P M.Stemflow contribution to the ‘fertile island’ effect in creosotebush,Larrea tridentata[J].Journal of Arid Environments,1997,35(3):451-457.
[24] 杨志鹏,李小雁,伊万娟.荒漠灌木树干茎流及其生态水文效应研究进展[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(2):303-311.
[25] 荐圣淇.黄土高原典型灌木树干茎流特征及其生态水文效应[D].兰州:兰州大学,2013.
[26] 杨宪龙.黄土高原北部典型灌丛降水再分配特征及其蒸散耗水规律[D].陕西杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.
[27] Crockford R H,Richardson D P.Partitioning of rainfall into throughfall,stemflow and interception:Effect of forest type,ground cover and climate[J].Hydrological Processes,2000,14(16/17):2903-2920.
[28] José N,Charles F,Jurado E.Spatial variations of interception loss components by Tamaulipan thornscrub in northeastern Mexico[J].Forest Ecology and Management,1999,124(2/3):231-239.
[29] Belmonte Serrato F,Romero Diaz A.A simple technique for measuring rainfall interception by small shrub:‘interception flow collection box’[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,12(3):471-481.
[30] Yang Z P,Li X Y,Liu L Y,et al.Characteristics of stemflow for sand-fixed shrubs in Mu Us sandy land,Northwest China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2008,53(14):2207-2214.
[31] Martinez-Meza E.Stemflow throughfall and root water chan-nelization by three arid land shrubs in southern New Mexico[D].Las Cruces:New Mexico State University,1994.
[32] Davie T J A,Durocher M G.A model to consider the spatial variability of rainfall partitioning within deciduous canopy.I.Model description[J].Hydrological Processes,2015,11(11):1509-1523.
[33] Owens M K,Lyons R K,Alejandro C L.Rainfall partitioning within semiarid juniper communities:effects of event size and canopy cover[J].Hydrological Processes,2006,20(15):3179-3189.