沙地樟子松天然林南缘分布区林木竞争、空间格局及其更新特征
|
摘要
以呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松地理分布南缘天然林为研究对象,采用Hegyi竞争指数与点格局等分析方法,研究了沙地樟子松天然林的种群结构、种内竞争、空间格局及幼树更新等特征。结果表明:1)所调查区域天然沙地樟子松纯林处于中幼龄阶段,属增长型种群;2)其竞争指数与对象木胸径服从幂函数关系CI=242.24D~(-1.12)(R~2=0.91);3)幼树在小尺度上呈聚集分布,中树与大树在中大尺度上呈随机分布;幼树与中树在小尺度上呈正相关性,中树与大树在小尺度呈负相关性;4)竞争指数与更新幼树和存活更新幼树的密度均呈显著正相关性。在林分管理中需要充分考虑林木竞争、空间格局以及种群更新的关系,本研究可为沙地樟子松天然林的经营管理与保护提供重要的科学依据。
Tree growth and regeneration are influenced by many biological and non-biological factors. Among these factors, competition and point pattern analysis are important issues in ecology and forestry that affect tree growth, forest structure, and dynamics, and thus, play an important role in population regeneration and succession. Mongolian pine natural forest in China is mainly distributed in the northern Greater Khingan Mountains and sandy land of the Hulun Buir forest grassland transition zone. The southernmost edge of its geographical distribution lies at the southern Hulun Buir Sandy Land. Owing to its characteristics of cold resistance, drought resistance, and developed root system, it plays an important role in wind protection and sand fixation, farmland protection, and is also widely used in sand afforestation in northern China. There has been considerable research on the spatial pattern, competition, and renewal of Mongolian pine in China, especially on the influence of fire interference on competition, spatial pattern, and regeneration. However, research on the relationship between competition, spatial patterns, and forest regeneration of Mongolian pine natural forests is limited.This study selected Mongolian pine natural forest from the southern range of its geographical distribution to fully understand the relationship between tree competition, spatial patterns, and regeneration, and clarify the interactions of these factors. We analyzed the population structure, intraspecific competition, spatial patterns, and regeneration of saplings of Mongolian pine stands using the Hegyi single tree competition index and point pattern analysis methods. The results showed that 1) the natural stand in the investigation area was in a middle age, expanding population stage. 2) The relationship between the competition index and diameter at breast height of object trees followed the equation CI = 242.24D~(-1.12)(R~2 = 0.91). 3) The saplings were spatially aggregated at small scales, and mid-and large-sized trees of the population were randomly or uniformly distributed. Saplings and mid-sized trees were significantly positively correlated, whereas mid-and large-sized trees were negatively correlated. 4) There was a significant positive correlation between the competition index and the density of saplings, as well as the survival saplings. The relationship between forest competition, spatial pattern, and population regeneration needs to be fully considered in forest management. This study can provide scientific guidance for the conservation and protection of natural forests, and construction and management of artificial forests in the future.
Tree growth and regeneration are influenced by many biological and non-biological factors. Among these factors, competition and point pattern analysis are important issues in ecology and forestry that affect tree growth, forest structure, and dynamics, and thus, play an important role in population regeneration and succession. Mongolian pine natural forest in China is mainly distributed in the northern Greater Khingan Mountains and sandy land of the Hulun Buir forest grassland transition zone. The southernmost edge of its geographical distribution lies at the southern Hulun Buir Sandy Land. Owing to its characteristics of cold resistance, drought resistance, and developed root system, it plays an important role in wind protection and sand fixation, farmland protection, and is also widely used in sand afforestation in northern China. There has been considerable research on the spatial pattern, competition, and renewal of Mongolian pine in China, especially on the influence of fire interference on competition, spatial pattern, and regeneration. However, research on the relationship between competition, spatial patterns, and forest regeneration of Mongolian pine natural forests is limited.This study selected Mongolian pine natural forest from the southern range of its geographical distribution to fully understand the relationship between tree competition, spatial patterns, and regeneration, and clarify the interactions of these factors. We analyzed the population structure, intraspecific competition, spatial patterns, and regeneration of saplings of Mongolian pine stands using the Hegyi single tree competition index and point pattern analysis methods. The results showed that 1) the natural stand in the investigation area was in a middle age, expanding population stage. 2) The relationship between the competition index and diameter at breast height of object trees followed the equation CI = 242.24D~(-1.12)(R~2 = 0.91). 3) The saplings were spatially aggregated at small scales, and mid-and large-sized trees of the population were randomly or uniformly distributed. Saplings and mid-sized trees were significantly positively correlated, whereas mid-and large-sized trees were negatively correlated. 4) There was a significant positive correlation between the competition index and the density of saplings, as well as the survival saplings. The relationship between forest competition, spatial pattern, and population regeneration needs to be fully considered in forest management. This study can provide scientific guidance for the conservation and protection of natural forests, and construction and management of artificial forests in the future.
引文
[1] 毛磊.红花尔基天然樟子松林分空间结构及其更新演替规律研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2009.
[2] 师静,李任波,卢萍.昆明地区针叶混交林林木竞争指标研究.内蒙古林业调查设计,2010,33(1):26- 28,89- 89.
[3] Weiner J.Asymmetric competition in plant populations.Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1990,5(11):360- 364.
[4] 张池,黄忠良,李炯,史军辉,李林.黄果厚壳桂种内与种间竞争的数量关系.应用生态学报,2006,17(1):22- 26.
[5] 张谧,韩烁,李钧涛,张金屯.雾灵山自然保护区油松、白桦及山杨天然林竞争关系研究.北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2007,43(2):184- 186.
[6] Perry J N,Liebhold A M,Rosenberg M S,Dungan J,Miriti M,Jakomulska A,Citron-Pousty S.Illustrations and guidelines for selecting statistical methods for quantifying spatial pattern in ecological data.Ecography,2002,25(5):578- 600.
[7] 张健,郝占庆,宋波,叶吉,李步杭,姚晓琳.长白山阔叶红松林中红松与紫椴的空间分布格局及其关联性.应用生态学报,2007,18(8):1681- 1687.
[8] 杨洪晓,张金屯,吴波,李晓松,张友炎.毛乌素沙地油蒿种群点格局分析.植物生态学报,2006,30(4):563- 570.
[9] 刘宪钊,陆元昌,任云卯.油松人工林单木邻体竞争模型.生态学杂志,2016,35(11):3126- 3130.
[10] 任玫玫,杨华.长白山云冷杉林优势树种的竞争.应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3089- 3097.
[11] 陈科屹,张会儒,雷相东.天然次生林蒙古栎种群空间格局.生态学报,2018,38(10):3462- 3470.
[12] 雷娜庆,铁牛,刘洋,孟军贵,阿日根,刘文军.兴安落叶松林径级分布格局及其关联性.东北林业大学学报,2017,45(2):1- 5.
[13] 王鑫,张华雨,李宗峰,张世强,王国行,邓洪平.濒危植物崖柏群落特征及种群更新研究.北京林业大学学报,2016,38(10):28- 37.
[14] 巢林,刘艳艳,张伟东,杨庆朋,汪思龙.沼泽交错带白桦个体生长动态及径级结构与种内种间竞争.生态学杂志,2017,36(3):577- 583.
[15] 高浩杰,高平仕,王国明.舟山群岛红楠林种内和种间竞争研究.植物研究,2017,37(3):440- 446.
[16] 郑颖,赵文智,张格非.基于V__Hegyi竞争指数的绿洲边缘人工固沙植被梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)的种群竞争.中国沙漠,2017,37(6):1127- 1134.
[17] 周文嵩,韩海荣,康峰峰,程小琴,吴然,杨杰,田平,黄良帅.山西太岳山华北落叶松人工林种内与种间关系.生态学杂志,2017,36(2):335- 342.
[18] 刘韶辉.湖南会同亚热带次生阔叶林群落特征及种间关系研究[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2011.
[19] 喻泓,杨晓晖,慈龙骏.内蒙古呼伦贝尔沙地不同樟子松林竞争强度的比较.应用生态学报,2009,20(2):250- 255.
[20] 林玥,任坚毅,岳明.太白山红桦种群结构与空间分析.植物生态学报,2008,32(6):1335- 1345.
[21] 龚直文,顾丽,亢新刚,杨华,赵浩彦.长白山森林次生演替过程中林木空间格局研究.北京林业大学学报,2010,32(2):92- 99.
[22] 张笑菁,赵秀海,康峰峰,王娟,贺自书,马钦彦,卢文敏,药占文.太岳山油松天然林林木的空间格局.生态学报,2010,30(18):4821- 4827.
[23] Greig-Smith P.Quantitative Plant Ecology:Studies in Ecology.Berkeley:University of Califonia Press,1983.
[24] 杨晓晖,喻泓,于春堂,慈龙骏.呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松林火烧后恢复演替的空间格局分析.北京林业大学学报,2008,30(2):44- 49.
[25] 喻泓,杨晓晖,慈龙骏.地表火对红花尔基沙地樟子松种群空间分布格局的影响.植物生态学报,2009,33(1):71- 80.
[26] 闫德仁,王玉华,姚洪林,张宝珠.呼伦贝尔沙地.呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社,2010:1- 10.
[27] 中国科学院内蒙宁夏综合考察队.内蒙古自治区及东北西部地区地貌.北京:科学出版社,1980:1- 210.
[28] 中国科学院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队.内蒙古植被.北京:科学出版社,1985:764- 791.
[29] 柳江,洪伟,吴承祯,何东进,毕晓丽,闫淑君.天然更新檫木林竞争规律研究.江西农业大学学报,2001,23(2):240- 243.
[30] 孜来比·买木提名,杨华,赵广亮,等.单木竞争指标的研究进展.西北林学院学报,2012,27(6):152- 158.
[31] Hegyi F.A simulation model for managing jack-pine stands//Fries J,ed.Growth Models for Tree and Stand Simulation.Stockholm:Royal College of Forestry,1974:74- 90.
[32] 刘彤,李云灵,周志强,胡海清.天然东北红豆杉(Taxus cuspidata)种内和种间竞争.生态学报,2007,27(3):924- 929.
[33] 邹春静,徐文铎.沙地云杉种内、种间竞争的研究.植物生态学报,1998,22(3):269- 274.
[34] 王政权,吴巩胜,王军邦.利用竞争指数评价水曲柳落叶松种内种间空间竞争关系.应用生态学报,2000,11(5):641- 645.
[35] Ripley B D.Modelling spatial patterns.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.Series B (Methodological),1977,39(2):172- 212.
[36] Diggle P J.Statistical Analysis of Spatial Point Patterns.London:Academic Press,1983:140- 158.
[37] 王鑫厅,侯亚丽,刘芳,常英王炜,梁存柱,苗百岭.羊草+大针茅草原退化群落优势种群空间点格局分析.植物生态学报,2011,35(12):1281- 1289.
[38] Wiegand T,Moloney K A.Rings,circles,and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology.Oikos,2004,104(2):209- 229.
[39] Condit R,Ashton P S,Baker P,Bunyavejchewin S,Gunatilleke S,Gunatilleke N,Hubbell S P,Foster R B,Itoh A,LaFrankie J V,Lee H S,Losos E,Manokaran N,Sukumar R,Yamakura T.Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species.Science,2000,288(5470):1414- 1418.
[40] Ripley B D.The second-order analysis of stationary point processes.Journal of Applied Probability,1976,13(2):255- 266.
[41] Ripley B D.Spatial Statistics.New York:John Wiley & Sons,1981:250- 252.
[42] Stoyan D,Stoyan H.Fractals,Random Shapes and Point Fields:Methods of Geometrical Statistics.Chichester:Wiley,1994:380- 90.
[43] 赵明水,庞春梅,杨淑贞,罗远,余树全.浙江天目山交让木种群空间点格局分析.浙江大学学报:理学版,2015,42(1):47- 53.
[44] 胡砚秋,李文斌,崔佳玉,苏志尧.亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种个体及生物量的点格局分析.生态学报,2016,36(4):1066- 1072.
[45] 段仁燕,王孝安,黄敏毅,涂云博,汪超.秦岭太白山巴山冷杉种内和种间竞争特性的研究.植物科学学报,2007,25(6):581- 585.
[46] Bella I E.A new competition model for individual trees.Forest Science,1971,17(3):364- 372.
[47] Pukkala T,Kolstr?m T.Competition indices and the prediction of radial growth in Scots pine.Silva Fennica,1987,21(1):5306.
[48] 张学龙,马钰,赵维俊,刘贤德,金铭,敬文茂.祁连山青海云杉种群种内竞争分析.干旱区研究,2013,30(2):242- 247.
[49] 华伟平,丘甜,江希钿,盖新敏,黄烺增.黄山松单木竞争分析及模型建立.森林与环境学报,2017,37(2):201- 206.
[50] 昭日格,李钢铁,岳永杰,邹受益.浑善达克沙地天然沙地榆种内竞争研究.中国沙漠,2011,31(2):451- 455.
[51] 毛磊,杨丹青,王冬梅,杨晓晖.红花尔基自然保护区天然樟子松林种内种间竞争分析.植物资源与环境学报,2008,17(2):9- 14.
[52] 韩路,王海珍,周正立,李志军.塔里木荒漠优势植物——胡杨种内、种间竞争研究.西北植物学报,2006,26(12):2547- 2552.
[53] 康华靖,陈子林,刘鹏,张志祥,周钰鸿.大盘山香果树(Emmenopterys henryi)种内及其与常见伴生种之间的竞争关系.生态学报,2008,28(7):3456- 3463.
[54] 邹春艳,王庆礼,韩士杰.长白山暗针叶林建群种竞争关系的研究.应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(2):101- 105.
[55] 方坚,王孝安,郭华,朱志红.黄土高原马栏林区辽东栎林种内、种间竞争研究.西北植物学报,2007,27(2):334- 339.
[56] Wang X T,Liang C Z,Wang W.Balance between facilitation and competition determines spatial patterns in a plant population.Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(13):1405- 1415.
[57] 张金屯.植物种群空间分布的点格局分析.植物生态学报,1998,22(4):344- 349.
[58] Gray L,He F L.Spatial point-pattern analysis for detecting density-dependent competition in a boreal chronosequence of Alberta.Forest Ecology and Management,2009,259(1):98- 106.
[59] Stoyan D,Penttinen A.Recent applications of point process methods in forestry statistics.Statistical Science,2000,15(1):61- 78.
[60] Wiegand T,Gunatilleke S,Gunatilleke N,Okuda T.Analyzing the spatial structure of a Sri Lankan tree species with multiple scales of clustering.Ecology,2007,88(12):3088- 3102.
[61] Fraver S,D′Amato A Q,Bradford J B,Jonsson B G,J?nsson M,Esseen P A.Tree growth and competition in an old-growth Picea abies forest of boreal Sweden:influence of tree spatial patterning.Journal of Vegetation Science,2014,25(2):374- 385.
[62] Larson A J,Churchill D.Tree spatial patterns in fire-frequent forests of western North America,including mechanisms of pattern formation and implications for designing fuel reduction and restoration treatments.Forest Ecology and Management,2012,267:74- 92.
[63] Lin Y C,Chang L W,Yang K C,Wang H H,Sun I F.Point patterns of tree distribution determined by habitat heterogeneity and dispersal limitation.Oecologia,2011,165(1):175- 184.
[64] 王妍,卢琦,程立岩,熊好琴.呼伦贝尔沙地天然樟子松种子扩散机制研究.生态科学,2010,29(5):403- 410.
[65] 王妍,卢琦,吴波,杜敏,王玉华.呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松更新苗分布特征研究.水土保持研究,2010,17(5):86- 91.
[66] Chu G M,Wang M,Zhang S X.Spatial patterns and associations of dominant woody species in desert-oasis ecotone of South Junggar Basin,NW China.Journal of Plant Interactions,2014,9(1):738- 744.
[67] 缪宁,刘世荣,史作民,喻泓,刘兴良.川西亚高山红桦-岷江冷杉林优势种群的空间格局分析.应用生态学报,2009,20(6):1263- 1270.
[68] 宋于洋,李园园,张文辉.梭梭种群不同发育阶段的空间格局与关联性分析.生态学报,2010,30(16):4317- 4327.
[69] Flores J,Jurado E.Are nurse-protégé interactions more common among plants from arid environments?Journal of Vegetation Science,2003,14(6):911- 916.
[70] Dean W R J,Milton S J,Jeltsch F.Large trees,fertile islands,and birds in arid savanna.Journal of Arid Environments,1999,41(1):61- 78.
[71] 尤海舟,刘兴宁,缪宁,何飞,马钦彦.川滇高山栎种群不同海拔空间格局的尺度效应及个体间空间关联.生态学报,2010,30(15):4004- 4011.
[72] 闫德仁,白文才,宝成,杜敏.沙地樟子松天然更新影响因素探讨.内蒙古林业科技,2012,38(4):47- 50.
[73] 闫德仁,杜敏,王玉华,张宝珠,乔殿学,马青山,常艳.呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然更新苗影响因素的研究.防护林科技,2012,(4):11- 13,46- 46.
[74] 闫德仁,王玉华,杜敏,张宝珠.沙地樟子松天然林种子库特征研究.内蒙古林业科技,2010,36(2):12- 15.
[2] 师静,李任波,卢萍.昆明地区针叶混交林林木竞争指标研究.内蒙古林业调查设计,2010,33(1):26- 28,89- 89.
[3] Weiner J.Asymmetric competition in plant populations.Trends in Ecology & Evolution,1990,5(11):360- 364.
[4] 张池,黄忠良,李炯,史军辉,李林.黄果厚壳桂种内与种间竞争的数量关系.应用生态学报,2006,17(1):22- 26.
[5] 张谧,韩烁,李钧涛,张金屯.雾灵山自然保护区油松、白桦及山杨天然林竞争关系研究.北京师范大学学报:自然科学版,2007,43(2):184- 186.
[6] Perry J N,Liebhold A M,Rosenberg M S,Dungan J,Miriti M,Jakomulska A,Citron-Pousty S.Illustrations and guidelines for selecting statistical methods for quantifying spatial pattern in ecological data.Ecography,2002,25(5):578- 600.
[7] 张健,郝占庆,宋波,叶吉,李步杭,姚晓琳.长白山阔叶红松林中红松与紫椴的空间分布格局及其关联性.应用生态学报,2007,18(8):1681- 1687.
[8] 杨洪晓,张金屯,吴波,李晓松,张友炎.毛乌素沙地油蒿种群点格局分析.植物生态学报,2006,30(4):563- 570.
[9] 刘宪钊,陆元昌,任云卯.油松人工林单木邻体竞争模型.生态学杂志,2016,35(11):3126- 3130.
[10] 任玫玫,杨华.长白山云冷杉林优势树种的竞争.应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3089- 3097.
[11] 陈科屹,张会儒,雷相东.天然次生林蒙古栎种群空间格局.生态学报,2018,38(10):3462- 3470.
[12] 雷娜庆,铁牛,刘洋,孟军贵,阿日根,刘文军.兴安落叶松林径级分布格局及其关联性.东北林业大学学报,2017,45(2):1- 5.
[13] 王鑫,张华雨,李宗峰,张世强,王国行,邓洪平.濒危植物崖柏群落特征及种群更新研究.北京林业大学学报,2016,38(10):28- 37.
[14] 巢林,刘艳艳,张伟东,杨庆朋,汪思龙.沼泽交错带白桦个体生长动态及径级结构与种内种间竞争.生态学杂志,2017,36(3):577- 583.
[15] 高浩杰,高平仕,王国明.舟山群岛红楠林种内和种间竞争研究.植物研究,2017,37(3):440- 446.
[16] 郑颖,赵文智,张格非.基于V__Hegyi竞争指数的绿洲边缘人工固沙植被梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)的种群竞争.中国沙漠,2017,37(6):1127- 1134.
[17] 周文嵩,韩海荣,康峰峰,程小琴,吴然,杨杰,田平,黄良帅.山西太岳山华北落叶松人工林种内与种间关系.生态学杂志,2017,36(2):335- 342.
[18] 刘韶辉.湖南会同亚热带次生阔叶林群落特征及种间关系研究[D].长沙:中南林业科技大学,2011.
[19] 喻泓,杨晓晖,慈龙骏.内蒙古呼伦贝尔沙地不同樟子松林竞争强度的比较.应用生态学报,2009,20(2):250- 255.
[20] 林玥,任坚毅,岳明.太白山红桦种群结构与空间分析.植物生态学报,2008,32(6):1335- 1345.
[21] 龚直文,顾丽,亢新刚,杨华,赵浩彦.长白山森林次生演替过程中林木空间格局研究.北京林业大学学报,2010,32(2):92- 99.
[22] 张笑菁,赵秀海,康峰峰,王娟,贺自书,马钦彦,卢文敏,药占文.太岳山油松天然林林木的空间格局.生态学报,2010,30(18):4821- 4827.
[23] Greig-Smith P.Quantitative Plant Ecology:Studies in Ecology.Berkeley:University of Califonia Press,1983.
[24] 杨晓晖,喻泓,于春堂,慈龙骏.呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松林火烧后恢复演替的空间格局分析.北京林业大学学报,2008,30(2):44- 49.
[25] 喻泓,杨晓晖,慈龙骏.地表火对红花尔基沙地樟子松种群空间分布格局的影响.植物生态学报,2009,33(1):71- 80.
[26] 闫德仁,王玉华,姚洪林,张宝珠.呼伦贝尔沙地.呼和浩特:内蒙古大学出版社,2010:1- 10.
[27] 中国科学院内蒙宁夏综合考察队.内蒙古自治区及东北西部地区地貌.北京:科学出版社,1980:1- 210.
[28] 中国科学院内蒙古宁夏综合考察队.内蒙古植被.北京:科学出版社,1985:764- 791.
[29] 柳江,洪伟,吴承祯,何东进,毕晓丽,闫淑君.天然更新檫木林竞争规律研究.江西农业大学学报,2001,23(2):240- 243.
[30] 孜来比·买木提名,杨华,赵广亮,等.单木竞争指标的研究进展.西北林学院学报,2012,27(6):152- 158.
[31] Hegyi F.A simulation model for managing jack-pine stands//Fries J,ed.Growth Models for Tree and Stand Simulation.Stockholm:Royal College of Forestry,1974:74- 90.
[32] 刘彤,李云灵,周志强,胡海清.天然东北红豆杉(Taxus cuspidata)种内和种间竞争.生态学报,2007,27(3):924- 929.
[33] 邹春静,徐文铎.沙地云杉种内、种间竞争的研究.植物生态学报,1998,22(3):269- 274.
[34] 王政权,吴巩胜,王军邦.利用竞争指数评价水曲柳落叶松种内种间空间竞争关系.应用生态学报,2000,11(5):641- 645.
[35] Ripley B D.Modelling spatial patterns.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society.Series B (Methodological),1977,39(2):172- 212.
[36] Diggle P J.Statistical Analysis of Spatial Point Patterns.London:Academic Press,1983:140- 158.
[37] 王鑫厅,侯亚丽,刘芳,常英王炜,梁存柱,苗百岭.羊草+大针茅草原退化群落优势种群空间点格局分析.植物生态学报,2011,35(12):1281- 1289.
[38] Wiegand T,Moloney K A.Rings,circles,and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology.Oikos,2004,104(2):209- 229.
[39] Condit R,Ashton P S,Baker P,Bunyavejchewin S,Gunatilleke S,Gunatilleke N,Hubbell S P,Foster R B,Itoh A,LaFrankie J V,Lee H S,Losos E,Manokaran N,Sukumar R,Yamakura T.Spatial patterns in the distribution of tropical tree species.Science,2000,288(5470):1414- 1418.
[40] Ripley B D.The second-order analysis of stationary point processes.Journal of Applied Probability,1976,13(2):255- 266.
[41] Ripley B D.Spatial Statistics.New York:John Wiley & Sons,1981:250- 252.
[42] Stoyan D,Stoyan H.Fractals,Random Shapes and Point Fields:Methods of Geometrical Statistics.Chichester:Wiley,1994:380- 90.
[43] 赵明水,庞春梅,杨淑贞,罗远,余树全.浙江天目山交让木种群空间点格局分析.浙江大学学报:理学版,2015,42(1):47- 53.
[44] 胡砚秋,李文斌,崔佳玉,苏志尧.亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种个体及生物量的点格局分析.生态学报,2016,36(4):1066- 1072.
[45] 段仁燕,王孝安,黄敏毅,涂云博,汪超.秦岭太白山巴山冷杉种内和种间竞争特性的研究.植物科学学报,2007,25(6):581- 585.
[46] Bella I E.A new competition model for individual trees.Forest Science,1971,17(3):364- 372.
[47] Pukkala T,Kolstr?m T.Competition indices and the prediction of radial growth in Scots pine.Silva Fennica,1987,21(1):5306.
[48] 张学龙,马钰,赵维俊,刘贤德,金铭,敬文茂.祁连山青海云杉种群种内竞争分析.干旱区研究,2013,30(2):242- 247.
[49] 华伟平,丘甜,江希钿,盖新敏,黄烺增.黄山松单木竞争分析及模型建立.森林与环境学报,2017,37(2):201- 206.
[50] 昭日格,李钢铁,岳永杰,邹受益.浑善达克沙地天然沙地榆种内竞争研究.中国沙漠,2011,31(2):451- 455.
[51] 毛磊,杨丹青,王冬梅,杨晓晖.红花尔基自然保护区天然樟子松林种内种间竞争分析.植物资源与环境学报,2008,17(2):9- 14.
[52] 韩路,王海珍,周正立,李志军.塔里木荒漠优势植物——胡杨种内、种间竞争研究.西北植物学报,2006,26(12):2547- 2552.
[53] 康华靖,陈子林,刘鹏,张志祥,周钰鸿.大盘山香果树(Emmenopterys henryi)种内及其与常见伴生种之间的竞争关系.生态学报,2008,28(7):3456- 3463.
[54] 邹春艳,王庆礼,韩士杰.长白山暗针叶林建群种竞争关系的研究.应用与环境生物学报,2001,7(2):101- 105.
[55] 方坚,王孝安,郭华,朱志红.黄土高原马栏林区辽东栎林种内、种间竞争研究.西北植物学报,2007,27(2):334- 339.
[56] Wang X T,Liang C Z,Wang W.Balance between facilitation and competition determines spatial patterns in a plant population.Chinese Science Bulletin,2014,59(13):1405- 1415.
[57] 张金屯.植物种群空间分布的点格局分析.植物生态学报,1998,22(4):344- 349.
[58] Gray L,He F L.Spatial point-pattern analysis for detecting density-dependent competition in a boreal chronosequence of Alberta.Forest Ecology and Management,2009,259(1):98- 106.
[59] Stoyan D,Penttinen A.Recent applications of point process methods in forestry statistics.Statistical Science,2000,15(1):61- 78.
[60] Wiegand T,Gunatilleke S,Gunatilleke N,Okuda T.Analyzing the spatial structure of a Sri Lankan tree species with multiple scales of clustering.Ecology,2007,88(12):3088- 3102.
[61] Fraver S,D′Amato A Q,Bradford J B,Jonsson B G,J?nsson M,Esseen P A.Tree growth and competition in an old-growth Picea abies forest of boreal Sweden:influence of tree spatial patterning.Journal of Vegetation Science,2014,25(2):374- 385.
[62] Larson A J,Churchill D.Tree spatial patterns in fire-frequent forests of western North America,including mechanisms of pattern formation and implications for designing fuel reduction and restoration treatments.Forest Ecology and Management,2012,267:74- 92.
[63] Lin Y C,Chang L W,Yang K C,Wang H H,Sun I F.Point patterns of tree distribution determined by habitat heterogeneity and dispersal limitation.Oecologia,2011,165(1):175- 184.
[64] 王妍,卢琦,程立岩,熊好琴.呼伦贝尔沙地天然樟子松种子扩散机制研究.生态科学,2010,29(5):403- 410.
[65] 王妍,卢琦,吴波,杜敏,王玉华.呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松更新苗分布特征研究.水土保持研究,2010,17(5):86- 91.
[66] Chu G M,Wang M,Zhang S X.Spatial patterns and associations of dominant woody species in desert-oasis ecotone of South Junggar Basin,NW China.Journal of Plant Interactions,2014,9(1):738- 744.
[67] 缪宁,刘世荣,史作民,喻泓,刘兴良.川西亚高山红桦-岷江冷杉林优势种群的空间格局分析.应用生态学报,2009,20(6):1263- 1270.
[68] 宋于洋,李园园,张文辉.梭梭种群不同发育阶段的空间格局与关联性分析.生态学报,2010,30(16):4317- 4327.
[69] Flores J,Jurado E.Are nurse-protégé interactions more common among plants from arid environments?Journal of Vegetation Science,2003,14(6):911- 916.
[70] Dean W R J,Milton S J,Jeltsch F.Large trees,fertile islands,and birds in arid savanna.Journal of Arid Environments,1999,41(1):61- 78.
[71] 尤海舟,刘兴宁,缪宁,何飞,马钦彦.川滇高山栎种群不同海拔空间格局的尺度效应及个体间空间关联.生态学报,2010,30(15):4004- 4011.
[72] 闫德仁,白文才,宝成,杜敏.沙地樟子松天然更新影响因素探讨.内蒙古林业科技,2012,38(4):47- 50.
[73] 闫德仁,杜敏,王玉华,张宝珠,乔殿学,马青山,常艳.呼伦贝尔沙地樟子松天然更新苗影响因素的研究.防护林科技,2012,(4):11- 13,46- 46.
[74] 闫德仁,王玉华,杜敏,张宝珠.沙地樟子松天然林种子库特征研究.内蒙古林业科技,2010,36(2):12- 15.