1990—2014年印度城市扩张时空特征对比分析
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摘要
印度是人口仅次于中国的发展中国家,也是"一带一路"倡议的重要节点。印度正处于城市化快速发展阶段,分析印度城市化特征具有重要意义,而中国国内关于印度城市化和城市扩张的研究和报道相对较少。论文选取10个人口超过100万的印度城市,获取1990、2000和2014年基于Landsat影像的土地利用数据和人口数据,采用圈层分析法将城市划分为等间距的同心圆圈层后统计各圈层内建设用地密度,选取增长率、密度、强度以及景观指数指标对印度城市扩张进行多维度对比分析。研究发现:①城市土地扩张快于人口增长,1990—2000、2000—2014年土地年均增长率分别是人口年均增长率的3.27和2.43倍。②建设用地密度随着与城市中心距离增加而衰减,且在一定距离内快速下降;同圈层内建设用地密度随时间逐渐增加;城市以分散的方式向外扩张,城市形态变得更加松散,特别是在第二阶段(2000—2014年)。③建设用地斑块破碎化程度与城市扩张强度的空间变化相吻合。城市扩张最活跃区域与景观破碎度最严重区域都随时间不断向外推进,城市扩张对景观格局产生显著影响。在全球城市扩张背景下,研究结果将为理解城市扩张时空特征而提供印度样本,也将为研究其他地区城市扩张提供分析方法和思路。
India is a developing country with a population only smaller than China, and is an important location of the Belt and Road Initiative. India is in the process of rapid urbanization and studying the urbanization characteristics of India is of great significance for understanding urban expansion globally. But within China there are relatively limited studies and reports on urbanization and urban expansion in India. In this study, we selected 10 Indian cities with more than 1 million people, and obtained the land use and population data of these cities based on the Landsat images in 1990, 2000, and 2014. The built-up density in each ring was calculated after the cities were divided into equidistant concentric rings by using the concentric ring analysis method. A multi-dimensional comparative analysis of urban expansion was conducted for these India cities through growth rate, density, intensity, and landscape indices. The results show that: 1) Urban land expansion is faster than population growth. The average annual growth rate of urban land is 3.27 and 2.43 times of the average annual growth rate of the population. 2) The density of urban land is decreasing with the distance from the city center and it quickly decreases within the urban core area. Temporally, urban land density gradually increases in the same concentric ring over time. Cities have expanded outwardly in a dispersed manner, and urban forms have become scattered, especially in the second period(2000-2014). 3) The degree of fragmentation of urban land is consistent with the spatial variation of urban expansion intensity. Areas with the most active urban expansion and the most severe landscape fragmentation shifted outward over time, and urban expansion has a significant impact on the landscape pattern. In the context of global urban expansion, this study provides an Indian sample for understanding the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban expansion and also provides analytical methods and ideas for studying urban expansion in other regions.
India is a developing country with a population only smaller than China, and is an important location of the Belt and Road Initiative. India is in the process of rapid urbanization and studying the urbanization characteristics of India is of great significance for understanding urban expansion globally. But within China there are relatively limited studies and reports on urbanization and urban expansion in India. In this study, we selected 10 Indian cities with more than 1 million people, and obtained the land use and population data of these cities based on the Landsat images in 1990, 2000, and 2014. The built-up density in each ring was calculated after the cities were divided into equidistant concentric rings by using the concentric ring analysis method. A multi-dimensional comparative analysis of urban expansion was conducted for these India cities through growth rate, density, intensity, and landscape indices. The results show that: 1) Urban land expansion is faster than population growth. The average annual growth rate of urban land is 3.27 and 2.43 times of the average annual growth rate of the population. 2) The density of urban land is decreasing with the distance from the city center and it quickly decreases within the urban core area. Temporally, urban land density gradually increases in the same concentric ring over time. Cities have expanded outwardly in a dispersed manner, and urban forms have become scattered, especially in the second period(2000-2014). 3) The degree of fragmentation of urban land is consistent with the spatial variation of urban expansion intensity. Areas with the most active urban expansion and the most severe landscape fragmentation shifted outward over time, and urban expansion has a significant impact on the landscape pattern. In the context of global urban expansion, this study provides an Indian sample for understanding the spatial and temporal characteristics of urban expansion and also provides analytical methods and ideas for studying urban expansion in other regions.
引文
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(1)图中使用的2015年人口密度影像数据来源于WorldPop网站(https://www.worldpop.org/)。该数据只用于图1、图2的空间分布展示,不作其他分析。
洪冬晨.2015.哈萨克斯坦土地利用景观格局演变及驱动因素分析[D].杭州:浙江大学.[Hong D C.2015.Analysis of land use and landscape pattern change and its driving factors in Kazakhstan.Hangzhou,China:Zhejiang University.]
蒋芳,刘盛和,袁弘.2007.北京城市蔓延的测度与分析[J].地理学报,17(6):649-658.[Jiang F,Liu S H,Yuan H.2007.Measuring urban sprawl in Beijing with geo-spatial indices.Acta Geographica Sinica,17(6):649-658.]
焦利民,董婷,谷岩岩.2016.2000-2012年中国地级以上城市空间弹性分析[J].资源科学,38(7):1254-1265.[Jiao LM,Dong T,Gu Y Y.2016.The spatial resilience of prefecture-level cities in China from 2000 to 2012.Resources Science,38(7):1254-1265.]
焦利民,张欣.2015.基于圈层建设用地密度分析的中国主要城市扩张的时空特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,24(10):1721-1728.[Jiao L M,Zhang X.2015.Characterizing urban expansion of main metropolises in China based on built-up densities in concentric rings.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,24(10):1721-1728.]
匡文慧,迟文峰,史文娇.2014.中国与美国大都市区城市内部土地覆盖结构时空差异[J].地理学报,69(7):883-895.[Kuang W H,Chi W F,Shi W J.2014.Spatio-temporal characteristics of intra-urban land cover in the cities of China and USA from 1978 to 2010.Acta Geographica Sinica,69(7):883-895.]
李佳洺,杨宇,樊杰,等.2017.中印城镇化区域差异及城镇体系空间演化比较[J].地理学报,72(6):986-1000.[Li JM,Yang Y,Fan J,et al.2017.Comparative research on regional differences in urbanization and spatial evolution of urban systems between China and India.Acta Geographica Sinica,72(6):986-1000.]
李晓文,方精云,朴世龙.2003.上海及周边主要城镇城市用地扩展空间特征及其比较[J].地理研究,22(6):769-779.[Li X W,Fang J Y,Piao S L.2003.The comparison of spatial characteristics in urban land use growth among the central and sub-cities in Shanghai region.Geographical Research,22(6):769-779.]
凌赛广,焦伟利,龙腾飞,等.2016.2000-2014年武汉市城市扩展时空特征分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,25(7):1034-1042.[Ling S G,Jiao W L,Long T F,et al.2016.Analysis of spatial and temporal characteristics of urban expansion about Wuhan City in the year of 2000-2014.Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,25(7):1034-1042.]
秦志锋.2008.中国城市蔓延现状与控制对策研究[D].郑州:河南大学.[Qin Z F.2008.Research on Chinese urban sprawl and its control.Zhengzhou,China:Henan University.]
史佳颖.2013.中国和印度的人口转变与经济增长机遇[D].天津:南开大学.[Shi J Y.2013.The demographic transition and economic growth opportunities in China and India.Tianjin,China:Nankai University.]
孙斌栋,华杰媛,李琬,等.2017.中国城市群空间结构的演化与影响因素:基于人口分布的形态单中心-多中心视角[J].地理科学进展,36(10):1294-1303.[Sun B D,Hua J Y,Li W,et al.2017.Spatial structure change and influencing factors of city clusters in China:From monocentric to polycentric based on population distribution.Progress in Geography,36(10):1294-1303.]
邬建国.2007.景观生态学:格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].2版.北京:高等教育出版社.[Wu J G.2007.Landscape ecology:Pattern,process,scale and hierarchy.The 2nd Edition.Beijing,China:Higher Education Press.]
燕月,陈爽,李广宇,等.2013.城市紧凑性测度指标研究及典型城市分析:以南京、苏州建设用地紧凑度为例[J].地理科学进展,32(5):733-742.[Yan Y,Chen S,Li G Y,et al.2013.Urban compactness index and its application:Compactness of built-up areas in Nanjing and Suzhou.Progress in Geography,32(5):733-742.]
杨叶涛,龚建雅,周启鸣,等.2010.土地利用景观格局对城市扩张影响研究[J].自然资源学报,25(2):320-329.[Yang Y T,Gong J Y,Zhou Q M,et al.2010.Impacts of landscape pattern on urban expansion:A case study of Beijing City.Journal of Natural Resource,25(2):320-329.]
杨振山,蔡建明,文辉.2010.郑州市2001-2007年城市扩张过程中城市用地景观特征分析[J].地理科学,30(4):600-605.[Yang Z S,Cai J M,Wen H.2010.Urban expansion and landscape characteristics of land use in Zhengzhou City during 2001-2007.Scientia Geographica Sinica,30(4):600-605.]
叶尔肯·吾扎提,刘慧,刘卫东.2014.1992-2011年哈萨克斯坦城镇化过程及其影响因素[J].地理科学进展,33(2):181-193.[Yeerken W,Liu H,Liu W D.2014.Evaluation of Kazakhstan's urbanization during 1992-2011 and its influencing factors.Progress in Geography,33(2):181-193.]
张琳琳,岳文泽,范蓓蕾.2014.中国大城市蔓延的测度研究:以杭州市为例[J].地理科学,34(4):394-400.[Zhang L L,Yue W Z,Fan B L.2014.Measuring urban sprawl in large Chinese cities:A case study of Hangzhou.Scientia Geographica Sinica,34(4):394-400.]
Angel S,Blei M A,Parent J,et al.2016.Atlas of urban expansion,volume 1:Areas and densities[M].2016 Edition.New York:New York University,Nairobi:UN-Habitat,and Cambridge,MA:Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Ahmad S,Avtar R,Sethi M,et al.2016.Delhi's land cover change in post transit era[J].Cities,50:111-118.
Dwarakish G S.2012.Land use/land cover change and urban expansion during 1983-2008 in the coastal area of Dakshina Kannada District,South India[J].Journal of Applied Remote Sensing,6(10):3576.doi:10.1117/1.jrs.6.063576.
Ewing R,Pendall R,Chen D.2015.Measuring sprawl and its impact[J].Journal of Planning Education&Research,57(1):320-326.
Ezeh A,Oyebode O,Satterthwaite D,et al.2017.The history,geography,and sociology of slums and the health problems of people who live in slums[J].The Lancet,389:547-558.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31650-6.
Frenkel A,Ashkenazi M.2008.Measuring urban sprawl:How can we deal with it?[J].Environment and Planning B:Planning and Design,35(1):56-79.
Galster G,Hanson R,Ratcliffe M R,et al.2001.Wrestling sprawl to the ground:Defining and measuring an elusive concept[J].Housing Policy Debate,12(4):681-717.
Huang J N,Lu X X,Sellers J M.2007.A global comparative analysis of urban form:Applying spatial metrics and remote sensing[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,82(4):184-197.
Irwin E G,Bockstael N E.2007.The evolution of urban sprawl:Evidence of spatial heterogeneity and increasing land fragmentation[J].PNAS,104(52):20672-20677.
Jiao L M.2015.Urban land density function:A new method to characterize urban expansion[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,139:26-39.
Jiao L M,Xu G,Xiao F T,et al.2017.Analyzing the impacts of urban expansion on green fragmentation using constraint gradient analysis[J].Professional Geographer,2017:1-14.
Kantakumar L N,Kumar S,Schneider K.2016.Spatiotemporal urban expansion in Pune metropolis,India using remote sensing[J].Habitat International,51:11-22.
Kuang W H,Chi W F,Lu D S,et al.2014.A comparative analysis of megacity expansions in China and the U.S.:Patterns,rates and driving forces[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,132:121-135.
Mohanraj R,Azeez P A.2005.Urban development and particulate air pollution in Coimbatore city,India[J].International Journal of Environmental Studies,62(1):69-78.
Nagpure A S,Reiner M,Ramaswami A.2018.Resource requirements of inclusive urban development in India:Insights from 10 cities[J].Environmental Research Letters,13(2).doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaa4fc.
Narain U.2008.Urban air pollution in India[J].Review of Environmental Economics&Policy,2(2):276-291.
Pandey B,Joshi P K,Seto K C.2013.Monitoring urbanization dynamics in India using DMSP/OLS night time lights and SPOT-VGT data[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,23(1):49-61.
Pandey B,Seto K C.2015.Urbanization and agricultural land loss in India:Comparing satellite estimates with census data[J].Journal of Environmental Management,148:53-66.
Ramachandra T V,Aithal B H,Sanna D D.2012.Insights to urban dynamics through landscape spatial pattern analysis[J].International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation,18:329-343.
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(1)图中使用的2015年人口密度影像数据来源于WorldPop网站(https://www.worldpop.org/)。该数据只用于图1、图2的空间分布展示,不作其他分析。