技术机会、行业异质性与大城市创新集聚——以北京市制造业为例
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摘要
引入技术机会理论,解释大城市内部不同行业创新活动的空间分布差异,以北京市为例进行实证检验。研究发现:①不同技术层次产业的创新活动在城市内部表现出不同的区位选择。除汽车制造业外的大多数高技术产业的创新活动高度集聚在中心城区;中技术产业的创新活动开始由中心城区向近郊区扩散,低技术产业的创新活动主要分布在远郊区。②行业间创新活动空间分布的差异主要由技术机会来源差异造成。大部分高技术产业的技术源于基础研究、产业间知识溢出、高技术劳动力,往往靠近大学或中心城区;对中技术产业来说,基础研究的影响并不像对高技术产业那样显著;对低技术产业来说,技术机会主要源于本产业的技术反馈,创新部门更倾向于分布在郊区的制造业集群中。
The innovation activities are mainly concentrated in large cities, but the existing studies can not explain the differences of distribution of innovation activities in particular intrametropolitan spaces well. In order to solve this problem, using the technology opportunity theory, this study put forward an agglomeration formation mechanism of the intrametropolitan innovation activities from the perspective of industry heterogeneity.Taking Beijing as an example, we examined the mechanism of the relationship between technological opportunities and innovation distribution empirically. According to the study, the general rule of innovation agglomeration of different industries in large cities is found: 1) The innovation activities of most high-tech industries other than automobile manufacturing are highly concentrated in the central urban area; But to the mid-tech industries, their innovation activities begin to spread from the central urban area to the suburbs, and the large industrial park in the suburbs become the main gathering places. The innovation activities distribution of low-tech industry are mainly distributed in the outer suburbs and presents the characteristics of"total dispersion and local concentration". 2) The differences in spatial distribution of innovation activities among industries are mainly caused by the differences in the source of technological opportunities. Most high-tech industries' technological opportunities come from basic research, knowledge spillover among industries and high skilled labour pool, so it is often close to universities or downtown, except automobile manufacturing industry, whose technological opportunities are mainly get from the technical feedback of itself; To the mid-technology industry, the influence of basic research is not so significant as to the high technology industry, but knowledge spillover among industries, high skilled labour and the technical feedback from itself have an obvious effect on their innovation, so they begin to spread from the universities and central urban area. At the same time, technical opportunities of the low-tech industries are mainly derived from the technical feedback of the industry, so its innovation department is more inclined to locate in the suburban manufacturing clusters.
The innovation activities are mainly concentrated in large cities, but the existing studies can not explain the differences of distribution of innovation activities in particular intrametropolitan spaces well. In order to solve this problem, using the technology opportunity theory, this study put forward an agglomeration formation mechanism of the intrametropolitan innovation activities from the perspective of industry heterogeneity.Taking Beijing as an example, we examined the mechanism of the relationship between technological opportunities and innovation distribution empirically. According to the study, the general rule of innovation agglomeration of different industries in large cities is found: 1) The innovation activities of most high-tech industries other than automobile manufacturing are highly concentrated in the central urban area; But to the mid-tech industries, their innovation activities begin to spread from the central urban area to the suburbs, and the large industrial park in the suburbs become the main gathering places. The innovation activities distribution of low-tech industry are mainly distributed in the outer suburbs and presents the characteristics of"total dispersion and local concentration". 2) The differences in spatial distribution of innovation activities among industries are mainly caused by the differences in the source of technological opportunities. Most high-tech industries' technological opportunities come from basic research, knowledge spillover among industries and high skilled labour pool, so it is often close to universities or downtown, except automobile manufacturing industry, whose technological opportunities are mainly get from the technical feedback of itself; To the mid-technology industry, the influence of basic research is not so significant as to the high technology industry, but knowledge spillover among industries, high skilled labour and the technical feedback from itself have an obvious effect on their innovation, so they begin to spread from the universities and central urban area. At the same time, technical opportunities of the low-tech industries are mainly derived from the technical feedback of the industry, so its innovation department is more inclined to locate in the suburban manufacturing clusters.
引文
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[21]Dalziel M.A systems-based approach to industry classification[J].Research Policy,2007,36(10):1559-1574.
[22]谭俊涛,张平宇,李静.中国区域创新绩效时空演变特征及其影响因素研究[J].地理科学,2016,36(1):39-46.[Tan Juntao,Zhang Pingyu,Li Jing.Spatio-temporal characteristics of regional innovation performance and its influencing factors in China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(1):39-46.]
[23]杜志威,吕拉昌,黄茹.中国地级以上城市工业创新效率空间格局研究[J].地理科学,2016,36(3):321-327.[Du Zhiwei,Lyu Lachang,Huang Ru.Spatial pattern of industrial innovation efficiency for Chinese cities at prefecture level and above.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(3):321-327.]
[2]Chatterji A,Glaeser E,Kerr W.Clusters of entrepreneurship and innovation[J].Innovation Policy and the Economy,2014,14(1):129-166.
[3]Audretsch D B,Feldman M P.R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production[J].The American economic review,1996,86(3):630-640.
[4]Hackler D.High-tech location in five Metropolitan Areas[J].Journal of Urban Affairs,2003,25(5):625-640.
[5]李国平,卢明华.北京高科技产业价值链区域分工研究[J].地理研究,2002,21(2):228-238.[Li Guoping,Lu Minghua.The research on Beijing’s high-tech industrial regional division based on value chain.Geographical Research,2002,21(2):228-238.]
[6]Mu?iz I,Garcia-López Mà.The polycentric knowledge economy in Barcelona[J].Urban Geography,2010,31(6):774-799.
[7]Shearmur R.The geography of intrametropolitan KIBS innovation:Distinguishing agglomeration economies from innovation dynamics[J].Urban Studies,2012,49(11):2331-2356.
[8]王缉慈,宋向辉,李光宇.北京中关村高新技术企业的集聚与扩散[J].地理学报,1996,51(6):481-488.[Wang Jici,Song Xianghui,Li Guangyu.Agglomeration and dispersion of new and high technical industies in the zhongguangcun area in beijing.ActaGeographicaSinica,1996,51(6):481-488.]
[9]Rosenthal S S,Strange W C.The geography of entrepreneurship in the New York metropolitan area[J].Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review,2005,11(2):29-54.
[10]段德忠,杜德斌,刘承良.上海和北京城市创新空间结构的时空演化模式[J].地理学报,2015,70(12):1911-1925.[Duan Dezhong,Du Debin,Liu Chengliang.Spatial-temporal evolution mode of urban innovation spatial structure:A case study of Shanghai and Beijing.Acta Geographica Sinica,2015,70(12):1911-1925.]
[11]Shearmur R,Doloreux D.Place,space and distance:Towards a geography of knowledge-intensive business services innovation[J].Industry and Innovation,2009,16(1):79-102.
[12]Klevorick A K,Levin R C,Nelson R R et al.On the sources and significance of interindustry differences in technological opportunities[J].Research policy,1995,24(2):185-205.
[13]Strange W,Hejazi W,Tang J.The uncertain city:Competitive instability,skills,innovation and the strategy of agglomeration[J].Journal of Urban Economics,2006,59(3):331-351.
[14]Ponds R,Van Oort F,Frenken K.Innovation,spillovers and university-industry collaboration:An extended knowledge production function approach[J].Journal of Economic Geography,2010,10(2):231-255.
[15]Van der Panne G.Agglomeration externalities:Marshall versus Jacobs[J].Journal of Evolutionary Economics,2004,14(5):593-604.
[16]刘鑫,贺灿飞.技术关联与城市产业增长研究[J].地理研究,2016,35(4):717-730.[Liu Xin,He Canfei.Relatedness and urban industrial growth.Geographical Research,2016,35(4):717-730.]
[17]Rosenberg N.Inside the black box:Technology and economics[M].London:Cambridge University Press,1982.
[18]Leiponen A.Skills and innovation[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,2005,23(5):303-323.
[19]Boschma R,Eriksson R H,Lindgren U.Labour market externalities and regional growth in Sweden:The importance of labour mobility between skill-related industries[J].Regional Studies,2014,48(10):1669-1690.
[20]江剑,官建成.中国中低技术产业创新效率分析[J].科学学研究,2008,26(6):1325-1332.[Jiang Jian,Guan Jiancheng.An analysis of relative efficiency to Chinese low-and medium-technology sectors.Studies in Science of Science,2008,26(6):1325-1332.]
[21]Dalziel M.A systems-based approach to industry classification[J].Research Policy,2007,36(10):1559-1574.
[22]谭俊涛,张平宇,李静.中国区域创新绩效时空演变特征及其影响因素研究[J].地理科学,2016,36(1):39-46.[Tan Juntao,Zhang Pingyu,Li Jing.Spatio-temporal characteristics of regional innovation performance and its influencing factors in China.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(1):39-46.]
[23]杜志威,吕拉昌,黄茹.中国地级以上城市工业创新效率空间格局研究[J].地理科学,2016,36(3):321-327.[Du Zhiwei,Lyu Lachang,Huang Ru.Spatial pattern of industrial innovation efficiency for Chinese cities at prefecture level and above.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(3):321-327.]