1961～2015年雅鲁藏布江流域风蚀气候侵蚀力变化
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摘要
根据雅鲁藏布江流域13个气象站观测资料,利用联合国粮农组织给出的公式计算雅鲁藏布江流域风蚀气候因子指数值,分析雅江风蚀气候侵蚀力基本特征。结果表明,雅江流域风蚀气候因子指数分布范围为4.2～31.9,平均值为14.7。从空间分布来看,风蚀气候因子指数由西向东呈减小趋势,西部可达40,东部加查-米林段降到了5左右。风蚀气候因子指数具有显著的季节变化,春季最大为8.5,冬季次之为5.2,夏季、秋季都很小。雅江流域风蚀气候因子指数年、春季、秋季、冬季下降趋势显著,夏季上升趋势不显著。通过Mann-Kendall(M-K)检验分析可知,风蚀气候因子指数在1987年发生突变。
Based meteorological data from 13 weather stations in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, the wind erosion climatic factor index was calculated using function given by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the basic features of wind erosion climatic erosivity were analyzed. The results showed that Yarlung Zangbo River wind erosion climatic factor indexes were in range of 4.2-31.9 and the average value was 14.7. On the spatial, wind erosion climatic factor indexes decreases from the west to the east. Wind erosion climatic factor indexes can reach to 40 in the west and reduced to about 5 in the eastern part of Gyaca-Mainling section. The wind erosion climate factor index has a significant seasonal variation. The largest value is in spring with the value of 8.5 and the second large value in winter with the value of 5.2. Summer and autumn show very small value. The trend of wind erosion climate factor index decreased significantly in Yarlung Zangbo River Basin on annual, spring, autumn and winter, while that of summer uptrend is not significantly. Analysis using MannKendall test method shows that the wind erosion climatic factor index has abrupt change in 1987.
Based meteorological data from 13 weather stations in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, the wind erosion climatic factor index was calculated using function given by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization and the basic features of wind erosion climatic erosivity were analyzed. The results showed that Yarlung Zangbo River wind erosion climatic factor indexes were in range of 4.2-31.9 and the average value was 14.7. On the spatial, wind erosion climatic factor indexes decreases from the west to the east. Wind erosion climatic factor indexes can reach to 40 in the west and reduced to about 5 in the eastern part of Gyaca-Mainling section. The wind erosion climate factor index has a significant seasonal variation. The largest value is in spring with the value of 8.5 and the second large value in winter with the value of 5.2. Summer and autumn show very small value. The trend of wind erosion climate factor index decreased significantly in Yarlung Zangbo River Basin on annual, spring, autumn and winter, while that of summer uptrend is not significantly. Analysis using MannKendall test method shows that the wind erosion climatic factor index has abrupt change in 1987.
引文
[1]董光荣,董玉祥,金炯,等.西藏“一江两河”中部流域地区土地沙漠化的成因与发展趋势[J].中国沙漠,1994,14(2):9-17.[Dong Guangrong, Dong Yuxiang, Jin Jiong et al. Study on the cause and development trend of desertification in the midstream region of Yarlung Zangbo River, Tibet. Journal of Desert Research, 1994,14(2):9-17.]
[2]董玉祥,李森,董光荣.雅鲁藏布江流域土地沙漠化现状与成因初步研究——兼论人为因素在沙漠化中的作用[J].地理科学,1999,19(1):35-41.[Dong Yuxiang, Li Sen, Dong Guangrong.Tentative study on the status and the cause of desertification in Yarlung Zangbo River Basin. Scientia Geographica Sinica,1999,19(1):35-41.]
[3]刘毅华,董玉祥.西藏“一江两河”中部流域地区土地沙漠化变化的驱动因素分析[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(4):355-360.[Liu Yihua, Dong Yuxiang. Driving factors of sandy desertification change in the middle reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries in Xizang. Journal of Desert Research, 2003, 23(4):355-360.]
[4]孙明,沈渭寿,李海东,等.雅鲁藏布江源区风沙化土地演变趋势[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(7):1163-1171.[Sun Ming, Shen Weishou, Li Haidong et al. Trait sand dynamic changes of the aeolian sandy land in the source region of the Yarlung Zangbo River Tibet. Journal of Natural Resources, 2010, 25(7):1163-1171.]
[5]Shen W, Li H, Sun M et al. Dynamics of aeolian sandy land in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin of Tibet, China from 1975 to2008[J].Global&Planetary Change,2012,86-87(4):37-44.
[6]李森,杨萍,董玉祥,等.西藏土地沙漠化及其防治[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.[Li Sen,Yang Ping, Dong Yuxiang et al. Desertification and its prevention and control in Tibet. Beijing:Science Press,2010.]
[7]边多,杜军.近40年西藏“一江两河”流域气候变化特征[J].应用气象学报,2006,17(2):169-175.[Bian Duo, Du Jun.Climate variation feature and its effect on environment change in central Tibet from 1961 to 2000. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2006,17(2):169-175.]
[8]You Q, Kang S, Wu Y et al. Climate change over the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin during 1961-2005[J]. Journal of Geographica Science,2007,17(4):409-420.
[9]杨志刚,唐小萍,路红亚,等.近50年雅鲁藏布江流域潜在蒸散量的变化特征[J].地理学报,2013,68(9):1263-1268.[Yang Zhigang, Tang Xiaoping, Lu Hongya et al. The changes of potential evaportranspiration over Yarlung Zangbo River Basin during 1961-2010. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(9):1263-1268.]
[10]Li B, Zhou W, Zhao Y et al. Using the SPEI to assess recent climate change in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, South Tibet[J].Water,2015,7(10):5474-5486.
[11]董玉祥.沙漠化灾害危险度评价的初步研究[J].自然灾害学,1993, 2(3):103-109.[Dong Yuxiang. Assessment on the hazard degree of desertification disaster. Journal of Natural Disasters,1993,2(3):103-109.]
[12]Woodruff N, Siddoway F. A wind erosion equation[J]. Proceedings of the Science Society of America,1965, 29:602-608.
[13]Chepil W, Siddoway F, Armbrust D. Climatic factor for estimating wind erodibility fields[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1962,17(4):162-165.
[14]Lyles L. Erosive wind energy distributions and climatic factors for the west[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1983,38:106-109.
[15]Skidmore E, Woodruff N. Wind erosion forces in the United States and their use in predicting soil loss[Z].USDA-ARS, Agriculture Handbook, 1968(346):1-42.
[16]Woodruff N, Armbrust D. Monthly climatic factor for the wind erosion equation[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1968,23(3):103-104.
[17]董玉祥,康国定.中国干旱半干旱地区风蚀气候侵蚀力的计算与分析[J].水土保持学报,1994,8(3):1-7.[Dong Yuxiang,Kang Guoding. Study on the windy erosion climatic erosivity in arid and semi-arid areas in China. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1994,8(3):1-7.]
[18]王永,赵举,程玉臣.阴山北麓农牧交错带风蚀气候侵蚀力的计算与分析[J].华北农学报, 2005, 20(专辑):57-60.[Wang Yong, Zhao Ju, Cheng Yuchen. Analysis of wind erosion climatic erosivity at agripasture transition zone in north area of Yinshan Mountain. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2005, 20:57-60.]
[19]方祖光,谢皎如.福建沿海地区干燥度和风蚀气候侵蚀力的计算与分析[J].福建师范大学学报:自然科学版, 1997,13(3):96-103.[Fang Zuguang, Xie Jiaoru.Calculation and analysis of the aridity and the wind erosion climatic erosivity in the coastal area of Fujian. Journal of Fujian Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),1997,13(3):96-103.]
[20]蒋冲,陈爱芳,喻小勇,等.黄土高原风蚀与水蚀复合区的风蚀气候侵蚀力变化[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(3):477-483.[Jiang Chong, Chen Aifang, Yu Xiaoyong et al. Variation of wind erosivity in the wind erosion and wind-water erosion regions in the Loess Plateau. Arid Zone Research, 2013, 30(3):477-483.]
[21]杨兴华,何清,李红军,等.塔里木盆地风蚀气候侵蚀力的计算和分析[J].中国沙漠,2012, 32(4):990-995.[Yang Xinghua, He Qing, Li Hongjun et al. Calculation and analysis on wind erosion climatic erosivity in the Tarim Basin. Journal of Desert Research,2012,32(4):990-995.]
[22]赵健,李蓉.雅鲁藏布江流域土壤侵蚀区域特征初步研究[J].长江科学院院报,2008,25(3):42-45.[Zhao Jian, Li Rong. Soil erosion and subarea characteristics in Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2008, 25(3):42-45.]
[23]祁栋林,李晓东,苏文将,等.近50年青海省风蚀气候侵蚀力时空演变趋势[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(6):234-239.[Qi Donglin, Li Xiaodong, Su Wenjiang et al. Tendency of spatiotemporal evolution trend of wind erosion climate erosivity in Qinghai province in recent 50 years. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 22(6):234-239.]
[24]黄锡荃,苏法崇,梅安兴,等.中国的河流[M].北京:商务印书馆,1995.[Huang Xiquan, Su Fachong, Mei Anxing et al. Rivers of China. Beijing:The Commercial Press,1995.]
[25]李晖,文雪梅,于顺利.羌塘高原及雅鲁藏布江上游地区植物种质资源调查与评价[J].植物分类与资源学报,2013,35(3):327-334.[Li Hui, Wen Xuemei, Yu Shunli. Investigation and evaluation on germplasm resources of vascular plants distributed in Qiangtang Plateau and upper area of Yarlung Zangbo River. Plant Diversity and Resources, 2013, 35(3):327-334.]
[26]李志威,孙萌,游宇驰,等.若尔盖高原实际蒸散量变化规律研究[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(8):1317-1324.[Li Zhiwei, Sun Meng, You Yuchi et al. Change of evapotranspiration in the Zoige Plateau. Ecology and Environment, 2017, 26(8):1317-1324.]
[27]中国气象局.生态质量气象评价规范[M].北京:中国气象局,2005.[China Meteorological Administration. Ecological quality assessment criteria. Beijing:China Meteorological Administration, 2005.]
[28]程天文.农田蒸发与蒸发力的测定及其计算方法[M]//地理集刊,第12号.北京:科学出版社,1980.[Cheng Tianwen.The methods of determination and calculation of evaporation and potential evapotranspiration in farmland. Geographical Collection, No.12. Beijing:Science Press,1980.]
[29]魏凤英.现代气候统计诊断与预测技术[M].北京:气象出版社, 2007.[Wei Fengying. Modern climate statistical diagnosis and prediction technology. Beijing:Meteorological Press,2007.]
[2]董玉祥,李森,董光荣.雅鲁藏布江流域土地沙漠化现状与成因初步研究——兼论人为因素在沙漠化中的作用[J].地理科学,1999,19(1):35-41.[Dong Yuxiang, Li Sen, Dong Guangrong.Tentative study on the status and the cause of desertification in Yarlung Zangbo River Basin. Scientia Geographica Sinica,1999,19(1):35-41.]
[3]刘毅华,董玉祥.西藏“一江两河”中部流域地区土地沙漠化变化的驱动因素分析[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(4):355-360.[Liu Yihua, Dong Yuxiang. Driving factors of sandy desertification change in the middle reaches of Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries in Xizang. Journal of Desert Research, 2003, 23(4):355-360.]
[4]孙明,沈渭寿,李海东,等.雅鲁藏布江源区风沙化土地演变趋势[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(7):1163-1171.[Sun Ming, Shen Weishou, Li Haidong et al. Trait sand dynamic changes of the aeolian sandy land in the source region of the Yarlung Zangbo River Tibet. Journal of Natural Resources, 2010, 25(7):1163-1171.]
[5]Shen W, Li H, Sun M et al. Dynamics of aeolian sandy land in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin of Tibet, China from 1975 to2008[J].Global&Planetary Change,2012,86-87(4):37-44.
[6]李森,杨萍,董玉祥,等.西藏土地沙漠化及其防治[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.[Li Sen,Yang Ping, Dong Yuxiang et al. Desertification and its prevention and control in Tibet. Beijing:Science Press,2010.]
[7]边多,杜军.近40年西藏“一江两河”流域气候变化特征[J].应用气象学报,2006,17(2):169-175.[Bian Duo, Du Jun.Climate variation feature and its effect on environment change in central Tibet from 1961 to 2000. Journal of Applied Meteorological Science, 2006,17(2):169-175.]
[8]You Q, Kang S, Wu Y et al. Climate change over the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin during 1961-2005[J]. Journal of Geographica Science,2007,17(4):409-420.
[9]杨志刚,唐小萍,路红亚,等.近50年雅鲁藏布江流域潜在蒸散量的变化特征[J].地理学报,2013,68(9):1263-1268.[Yang Zhigang, Tang Xiaoping, Lu Hongya et al. The changes of potential evaportranspiration over Yarlung Zangbo River Basin during 1961-2010. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(9):1263-1268.]
[10]Li B, Zhou W, Zhao Y et al. Using the SPEI to assess recent climate change in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, South Tibet[J].Water,2015,7(10):5474-5486.
[11]董玉祥.沙漠化灾害危险度评价的初步研究[J].自然灾害学,1993, 2(3):103-109.[Dong Yuxiang. Assessment on the hazard degree of desertification disaster. Journal of Natural Disasters,1993,2(3):103-109.]
[12]Woodruff N, Siddoway F. A wind erosion equation[J]. Proceedings of the Science Society of America,1965, 29:602-608.
[13]Chepil W, Siddoway F, Armbrust D. Climatic factor for estimating wind erodibility fields[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1962,17(4):162-165.
[14]Lyles L. Erosive wind energy distributions and climatic factors for the west[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1983,38:106-109.
[15]Skidmore E, Woodruff N. Wind erosion forces in the United States and their use in predicting soil loss[Z].USDA-ARS, Agriculture Handbook, 1968(346):1-42.
[16]Woodruff N, Armbrust D. Monthly climatic factor for the wind erosion equation[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1968,23(3):103-104.
[17]董玉祥,康国定.中国干旱半干旱地区风蚀气候侵蚀力的计算与分析[J].水土保持学报,1994,8(3):1-7.[Dong Yuxiang,Kang Guoding. Study on the windy erosion climatic erosivity in arid and semi-arid areas in China. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1994,8(3):1-7.]
[18]王永,赵举,程玉臣.阴山北麓农牧交错带风蚀气候侵蚀力的计算与分析[J].华北农学报, 2005, 20(专辑):57-60.[Wang Yong, Zhao Ju, Cheng Yuchen. Analysis of wind erosion climatic erosivity at agripasture transition zone in north area of Yinshan Mountain. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2005, 20:57-60.]
[19]方祖光,谢皎如.福建沿海地区干燥度和风蚀气候侵蚀力的计算与分析[J].福建师范大学学报:自然科学版, 1997,13(3):96-103.[Fang Zuguang, Xie Jiaoru.Calculation and analysis of the aridity and the wind erosion climatic erosivity in the coastal area of Fujian. Journal of Fujian Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition),1997,13(3):96-103.]
[20]蒋冲,陈爱芳,喻小勇,等.黄土高原风蚀与水蚀复合区的风蚀气候侵蚀力变化[J].干旱区研究,2013,30(3):477-483.[Jiang Chong, Chen Aifang, Yu Xiaoyong et al. Variation of wind erosivity in the wind erosion and wind-water erosion regions in the Loess Plateau. Arid Zone Research, 2013, 30(3):477-483.]
[21]杨兴华,何清,李红军,等.塔里木盆地风蚀气候侵蚀力的计算和分析[J].中国沙漠,2012, 32(4):990-995.[Yang Xinghua, He Qing, Li Hongjun et al. Calculation and analysis on wind erosion climatic erosivity in the Tarim Basin. Journal of Desert Research,2012,32(4):990-995.]
[22]赵健,李蓉.雅鲁藏布江流域土壤侵蚀区域特征初步研究[J].长江科学院院报,2008,25(3):42-45.[Zhao Jian, Li Rong. Soil erosion and subarea characteristics in Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2008, 25(3):42-45.]
[23]祁栋林,李晓东,苏文将,等.近50年青海省风蚀气候侵蚀力时空演变趋势[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(6):234-239.[Qi Donglin, Li Xiaodong, Su Wenjiang et al. Tendency of spatiotemporal evolution trend of wind erosion climate erosivity in Qinghai province in recent 50 years. Research of Soil and Water Conservation, 2015, 22(6):234-239.]
[24]黄锡荃,苏法崇,梅安兴,等.中国的河流[M].北京:商务印书馆,1995.[Huang Xiquan, Su Fachong, Mei Anxing et al. Rivers of China. Beijing:The Commercial Press,1995.]
[25]李晖,文雪梅,于顺利.羌塘高原及雅鲁藏布江上游地区植物种质资源调查与评价[J].植物分类与资源学报,2013,35(3):327-334.[Li Hui, Wen Xuemei, Yu Shunli. Investigation and evaluation on germplasm resources of vascular plants distributed in Qiangtang Plateau and upper area of Yarlung Zangbo River. Plant Diversity and Resources, 2013, 35(3):327-334.]
[26]李志威,孙萌,游宇驰,等.若尔盖高原实际蒸散量变化规律研究[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(8):1317-1324.[Li Zhiwei, Sun Meng, You Yuchi et al. Change of evapotranspiration in the Zoige Plateau. Ecology and Environment, 2017, 26(8):1317-1324.]
[27]中国气象局.生态质量气象评价规范[M].北京:中国气象局,2005.[China Meteorological Administration. Ecological quality assessment criteria. Beijing:China Meteorological Administration, 2005.]
[28]程天文.农田蒸发与蒸发力的测定及其计算方法[M]//地理集刊,第12号.北京:科学出版社,1980.[Cheng Tianwen.The methods of determination and calculation of evaporation and potential evapotranspiration in farmland. Geographical Collection, No.12. Beijing:Science Press,1980.]
[29]魏凤英.现代气候统计诊断与预测技术[M].北京:气象出版社, 2007.[Wei Fengying. Modern climate statistical diagnosis and prediction technology. Beijing:Meteorological Press,2007.]