橡胶林氮肥施用后在土壤中的残留、累积和迁移
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摘要
氮肥在土壤中的残留是土壤氮库的重要补充,对于维持土壤氮水平和保证作物高产具有重要作用。目前人们对热带季风气候下橡胶林氮肥施用后的残留特征了解还很少。利用微区试验结合~(15)N示踪技术,研究了橡胶林酸性砖红壤中不同施氮水平下(0、100、200和400 kg·hm~(-2))氮肥的残留、累积和迁移。结果表明,不同施氮水平下肥料氮当年根层土壤(0-100cm)残留量为23.36-109.36 kg·hm~(-2),残留率为23.36%-31.85%,施氮量的升高显著增加了肥料氮的残留量;2年后,不同施氮水平下肥料氮根层土壤残留量仅20.45-41.78 kg·hm~(-2),残留率10.45%-20.45%,施氮量的增加显著降低了肥料氮残留率;试验第1年(枯水年),不同施氮水平下土壤硝态氮主要在根层土壤累积(24.61-172.47 kg·hm~(-2)),而淋洗迁移到深层土壤(100-200 cm)的硝态氮不多(13.89-51.66 kg·hm~(-2))。根层土壤硝态氮累积量与施氮量呈极显著正相关关系;试验第2年(丰水年),不同处理的根层土壤硝态氮累积很少(仅5.39-22.95 kg·hm~(-2))。3个氮肥处理的硝态氮均不同程度地迁移、淋洗到深层土壤,达53.36-201.42 kg·hm~(-2)。深层土壤中的硝态氮累积量与施氮量呈极显著正相关关系。综上,橡胶林氮肥施用后的土壤残留率较低,施氮量是影响橡胶林土壤硝态氮累积、迁移的重要因素。
Residual nitrogen(N)fertilizer in soil is an important supplement to soil N pool.It plays an important role in maintaining soil N fertility and ensuring high crop yield.At present,little is known about the characteristics of residual N fertilizer in rubber plantation under tropical monsoon climate.The residue,accumulation and translocation of N fertilizer in acidic Red Latosol with different N levels(0, 100,200 and 400 kg·hm~(-2))were studied by micro-plot trial under isotopic ~(15)N tracer technique.The results showed that the amounts of residual fertilizer N in root zone soil(0-100 cm)were 23.36-109.36 kg·hm~(-2) at different N levels.The residual rate ranged from 23.36% to 31.85%.The increase of N fertilization significantly raised the residual fertilizer N.After 2 years,the amounts of residual fertilizer N in root zone soil were 20.45-41.78 kg·hm~(-2) at different N levels.The residual rates were10.45%-20.45%.The increase of N fertilization significantly reduced the N fertilizer residual rate.In the first year of experiment(dry year),the soil nitrate nitrogen(NO3--N)mainly accumulated in the root zone soil(24.61-172.47 kg·hm~(-2))under different N levels.Meanwhile,NO3--N leaching to deep layer(100-200 cm)was limited(13.89-51.66 kg·hm~(-2)).There was an extremely significant positive correlation between NO3--N accumulation in the root zone soil and N application rate.In the second year of experiment(wet year),the soil NO3--N accumulated in the root zone soil was in low quantity(only 5.39-22.95 kg·hm~(-2))under different N levels.And fate of more soil NO3--N was to translocate or leak to deep soil layers in variety of degrees,ranging from 53.36 to 201.42 kg·hm~(-2).The soil NO3--N accumulation in deep soil layers was significantly positively correlated with the N application rate.In general,N fertilizer residual rate in soil was on low level in rubber plantation.N application rate was an important factor for characteristics of soil NO3--N accumulation and translocation in rubber plantation.
Residual nitrogen(N)fertilizer in soil is an important supplement to soil N pool.It plays an important role in maintaining soil N fertility and ensuring high crop yield.At present,little is known about the characteristics of residual N fertilizer in rubber plantation under tropical monsoon climate.The residue,accumulation and translocation of N fertilizer in acidic Red Latosol with different N levels(0, 100,200 and 400 kg·hm~(-2))were studied by micro-plot trial under isotopic ~(15)N tracer technique.The results showed that the amounts of residual fertilizer N in root zone soil(0-100 cm)were 23.36-109.36 kg·hm~(-2) at different N levels.The residual rate ranged from 23.36% to 31.85%.The increase of N fertilization significantly raised the residual fertilizer N.After 2 years,the amounts of residual fertilizer N in root zone soil were 20.45-41.78 kg·hm~(-2) at different N levels.The residual rates were10.45%-20.45%.The increase of N fertilization significantly reduced the N fertilizer residual rate.In the first year of experiment(dry year),the soil nitrate nitrogen(NO3--N)mainly accumulated in the root zone soil(24.61-172.47 kg·hm~(-2))under different N levels.Meanwhile,NO3--N leaching to deep layer(100-200 cm)was limited(13.89-51.66 kg·hm~(-2)).There was an extremely significant positive correlation between NO3--N accumulation in the root zone soil and N application rate.In the second year of experiment(wet year),the soil NO3--N accumulated in the root zone soil was in low quantity(only 5.39-22.95 kg·hm~(-2))under different N levels.And fate of more soil NO3--N was to translocate or leak to deep soil layers in variety of degrees,ranging from 53.36 to 201.42 kg·hm~(-2).The soil NO3--N accumulation in deep soil layers was significantly positively correlated with the N application rate.In general,N fertilizer residual rate in soil was on low level in rubber plantation.N application rate was an important factor for characteristics of soil NO3--N accumulation and translocation in rubber plantation.
引文
BOY-ROURA M,CAMERON K C,DI H J,2016.Identification of nitrate leaching loss indicators through regression methods based on a meta-analysis of lysimeter studies[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,23(4):3671-3680.
HUANG T,JU X T,YANG H,2017.Nitrate leaching in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation on a calcareous soil as affected by nitrogen and straw management[J].Scientific reports,7:42247.
JIA S L,WANG X B,YANG Y M,et al.,2011.Fate of labeled urea-15N as basal and topdressing applications in an irrigated wheat-maize rotation system in North China Plain:I winter wheat[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,90(3):331-346.
JU X T,2014.Direct pathway of nitrate produced from surplus nitrogen inputs to the hydrosphere[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(4):416.
JU X T,CHRISTIE P,2011.Calculation of theoretical nitrogen rate for simple nitrogen recommendations in intensive cropping systems:A case study on the North China Plain[J].Field Crops Research,124(3):450-458.
JU X T,LIU X J,PAN J R,et al.,2007.Fate of 15N-labeled urea under a winter wheat-summer maize rotation on the North China Plain[J].Pedosphere,17(1):52-61.
JU X T,XING G X,CHEN X P,et al.,2009.Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,106(9):3041-3046.
RAYMOND J E,FOX T R,STRAHM B D,2016.Understanding the fate of applied nitrogen in pine plantations of the southeastern United States using 15N enriched fertilizers[J].Forests,7:270.
SEBILO M,MAYER B,NICOLARDOT B,et al.,2013.Long-term fate of nitrate fertilizer in agricultural soils[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(45):18185-18189.
WANG D P,ZHENG L,GU S D,et al.,2018.Soil nitrate accumulation and leaching in conventional,optimized and organic cropping systems[J].Plant,Soil and Environment,64(4):156-163.
WANG H Y,JU X T,WEI Y P,et al.,2010.Simulation of bromide and nitrate leaching under heavy rainfall and high-intensity irrigation rates in North China Plain[J].Agricultural Water Management,97(10):1646-1654.
WANG Z H,MIAO Y F,LI S X,2015.Effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen fertilizers on wheat yield in relation to accumulated nitrate at different depths of soil in drylands of China[J].Field Crops Research,183:211-224.
YANG X,LU Y,TONG Y,et al.,2015.A 5-year lysimeter monitoring of nitrate leaching from wheat-maize rotation system:comparison between optimum N fertilization and conventional farmer N fertilization[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,199:34-42.
YANG Y M,WANG X B,DAI K,et al.,2011.Fate of labeled urea-15N as basal and topdressing applications in an irrigated wheat-maize rotation system in North China plain:Ⅱsummer maize[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,90(3):379-389.
董娴娴,刘新宇,任翠莲,等,2012.潮褐土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮肥后效及去向研究[J].中国农业科学,45(11):2209-2216.DONG X X,LIU X Y,REN C L,et al.,2012.Fate and residual effect of fertilizer nitrogen under winter wheat-summer maize rotation in North China Plain in Meadow Cinnamon soils[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,45(11):2209-2216.
何向东,吴小平,2002.海南垦区胶园肥力演变探研[J].热带农业科学,22(1):16-22.HE X D,WU X P,2002.Evolution of rubber plantation soil fertility in Hainan Island[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,22(1):16-22.
巨晓棠,2014.氮肥有效率的概念及意义:兼论对传统氮肥利用率的理解误区[J].土壤学报,51(5):921-933.JU X T,2014.The concept and meanings of nitrogen fertilizer availability ratio:Discussing misunderstanding of traditional nitrogen use efficiency[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,51(5):921-933.
倪玉雪,尹兴,刘新宇,等,2013.华北平原冬小麦季化肥氮去向及土壤氮库盈亏定量化探索[J].生态环境学报,22(3):392-397.NI Y X,YIN X,LIU X Y,et al.,2013.Exploration of N fertilizer fate and quantitative soil nitrogen pool budget in growing season of winter wheat in north China plain[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,22(3):392-397.
王大鹏,王秀全,成镜,等,2013.海南植胶区养分管理现状与改进策略[J].热带农业科学,33(9):22-27.WANG D P,WANG X Q,CHENG J,et al.,2013.Current status of nutrient management in Hainan rubber planting area and improvement strategies[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,33(9):22-27.
王大鹏,郑亮,吴小平,等,2017.旱地土壤硝态氮的产生、淋洗迁移及调控措施[J].中国生态农业学报,25(12):1731-1741.WANG D P,ZHENG L,WU X P,et al.,2017.Review of soil nitrate formation,leaching transport and their control measures in upland farming systems[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,25(12):1731-1741.
王西娜,王朝辉,李华,等,2016.旱地土壤中残留肥料氮的动向及作物有效性[J].土壤学报,53(5):1202-1212.WANG X N,WANG Z H,LI H,et al.,2016.Dynamics and availability to crops of residual fertilizer nitrogen in upland soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,53(5):1202-1212.
赵伟,梁斌,杨学云,等,2013.长期不同施肥对小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤残留肥料氮去向的影响[J].中国农业科学,46(8):1628-1634.ZHAO W,LIANG B,YANG X Y,et al.,2013.Effects of long-term different fertilizations on the fate of residual fertilizer N in a wheat-maize rotation system[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,46(8):1628-1634.
赵伟,梁斌,周建斌,2015.施人15N标记氮肥在长期不同培肥土壤的残留及其利用[J].土壤学报,52(3):587-596.ZHAO W,LIANG B,ZHOU J B,2015.Residual of applied 15N fertilizer in soils under long-term different patterns of fertilization and its utilization[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,52(3):587-596.
左红娟,白由路,卢艳丽,等,2012.基于高丰度15N华北平原冬小麦肥料氮的去向研究[J].中国农业科学,45(15):3093-3099.ZUO H J,BAI Y L,LU Y L,et al.,2012.Fate of fertilizer nitrogen applied to winter wheat in North China Plain based on high abundance of 15N[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,45(15):3093-3099.
HUANG T,JU X T,YANG H,2017.Nitrate leaching in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation on a calcareous soil as affected by nitrogen and straw management[J].Scientific reports,7:42247.
JIA S L,WANG X B,YANG Y M,et al.,2011.Fate of labeled urea-15N as basal and topdressing applications in an irrigated wheat-maize rotation system in North China Plain:I winter wheat[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,90(3):331-346.
JU X T,2014.Direct pathway of nitrate produced from surplus nitrogen inputs to the hydrosphere[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,111(4):416.
JU X T,CHRISTIE P,2011.Calculation of theoretical nitrogen rate for simple nitrogen recommendations in intensive cropping systems:A case study on the North China Plain[J].Field Crops Research,124(3):450-458.
JU X T,LIU X J,PAN J R,et al.,2007.Fate of 15N-labeled urea under a winter wheat-summer maize rotation on the North China Plain[J].Pedosphere,17(1):52-61.
JU X T,XING G X,CHEN X P,et al.,2009.Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,106(9):3041-3046.
RAYMOND J E,FOX T R,STRAHM B D,2016.Understanding the fate of applied nitrogen in pine plantations of the southeastern United States using 15N enriched fertilizers[J].Forests,7:270.
SEBILO M,MAYER B,NICOLARDOT B,et al.,2013.Long-term fate of nitrate fertilizer in agricultural soils[J].Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(45):18185-18189.
WANG D P,ZHENG L,GU S D,et al.,2018.Soil nitrate accumulation and leaching in conventional,optimized and organic cropping systems[J].Plant,Soil and Environment,64(4):156-163.
WANG H Y,JU X T,WEI Y P,et al.,2010.Simulation of bromide and nitrate leaching under heavy rainfall and high-intensity irrigation rates in North China Plain[J].Agricultural Water Management,97(10):1646-1654.
WANG Z H,MIAO Y F,LI S X,2015.Effect of ammonium and nitrate nitrogen fertilizers on wheat yield in relation to accumulated nitrate at different depths of soil in drylands of China[J].Field Crops Research,183:211-224.
YANG X,LU Y,TONG Y,et al.,2015.A 5-year lysimeter monitoring of nitrate leaching from wheat-maize rotation system:comparison between optimum N fertilization and conventional farmer N fertilization[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,199:34-42.
YANG Y M,WANG X B,DAI K,et al.,2011.Fate of labeled urea-15N as basal and topdressing applications in an irrigated wheat-maize rotation system in North China plain:Ⅱsummer maize[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,90(3):379-389.
董娴娴,刘新宇,任翠莲,等,2012.潮褐土冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系氮肥后效及去向研究[J].中国农业科学,45(11):2209-2216.DONG X X,LIU X Y,REN C L,et al.,2012.Fate and residual effect of fertilizer nitrogen under winter wheat-summer maize rotation in North China Plain in Meadow Cinnamon soils[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,45(11):2209-2216.
何向东,吴小平,2002.海南垦区胶园肥力演变探研[J].热带农业科学,22(1):16-22.HE X D,WU X P,2002.Evolution of rubber plantation soil fertility in Hainan Island[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,22(1):16-22.
巨晓棠,2014.氮肥有效率的概念及意义:兼论对传统氮肥利用率的理解误区[J].土壤学报,51(5):921-933.JU X T,2014.The concept and meanings of nitrogen fertilizer availability ratio:Discussing misunderstanding of traditional nitrogen use efficiency[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,51(5):921-933.
倪玉雪,尹兴,刘新宇,等,2013.华北平原冬小麦季化肥氮去向及土壤氮库盈亏定量化探索[J].生态环境学报,22(3):392-397.NI Y X,YIN X,LIU X Y,et al.,2013.Exploration of N fertilizer fate and quantitative soil nitrogen pool budget in growing season of winter wheat in north China plain[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,22(3):392-397.
王大鹏,王秀全,成镜,等,2013.海南植胶区养分管理现状与改进策略[J].热带农业科学,33(9):22-27.WANG D P,WANG X Q,CHENG J,et al.,2013.Current status of nutrient management in Hainan rubber planting area and improvement strategies[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Agriculture,33(9):22-27.
王大鹏,郑亮,吴小平,等,2017.旱地土壤硝态氮的产生、淋洗迁移及调控措施[J].中国生态农业学报,25(12):1731-1741.WANG D P,ZHENG L,WU X P,et al.,2017.Review of soil nitrate formation,leaching transport and their control measures in upland farming systems[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,25(12):1731-1741.
王西娜,王朝辉,李华,等,2016.旱地土壤中残留肥料氮的动向及作物有效性[J].土壤学报,53(5):1202-1212.WANG X N,WANG Z H,LI H,et al.,2016.Dynamics and availability to crops of residual fertilizer nitrogen in upland soil[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,53(5):1202-1212.
赵伟,梁斌,杨学云,等,2013.长期不同施肥对小麦-玉米轮作体系土壤残留肥料氮去向的影响[J].中国农业科学,46(8):1628-1634.ZHAO W,LIANG B,YANG X Y,et al.,2013.Effects of long-term different fertilizations on the fate of residual fertilizer N in a wheat-maize rotation system[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,46(8):1628-1634.
赵伟,梁斌,周建斌,2015.施人15N标记氮肥在长期不同培肥土壤的残留及其利用[J].土壤学报,52(3):587-596.ZHAO W,LIANG B,ZHOU J B,2015.Residual of applied 15N fertilizer in soils under long-term different patterns of fertilization and its utilization[J].Acta Pedologica Sinica,52(3):587-596.
左红娟,白由路,卢艳丽,等,2012.基于高丰度15N华北平原冬小麦肥料氮的去向研究[J].中国农业科学,45(15):3093-3099.ZUO H J,BAI Y L,LU Y L,et al.,2012.Fate of fertilizer nitrogen applied to winter wheat in North China Plain based on high abundance of 15N[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,45(15):3093-3099.