汾河流域传统民居的环境选择与适应性研究
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摘要
汾河是山西的母亲河,发源于宁武县,自北向南,于万荣县汇入黄河。汾河流域现存大量的明清民居,其建筑形制、院落布局、装饰风格等均呈现出地域特色。通过对汾河流域传统民居类型的分析,发现呈现出沿河线型分布的特征。在此基础上,深入分析了汾河流域传统民居对自然环境、社会文化环境、经济环境的选择和适应,发现不同类型的传统民居选择并适应着地形、气候等自然环境;传统民居的形态也不断适应着当地的社会、经济和文化,呈现出较大的差异。
Fen River is the mother river of Shanxi province, originated from Ningwu county, from north to south, it flows into the Yellow River in Wanrong county. There were a large number of traditional dwellings in Fen river basin during Ming and Qing, and their architectural form, courtyard layout and decorative style presented regional characteristics. Through analyzing of the traditional dwellings in Fen river basin during Ming and Qing dynasties with multiple angles, the author found that the traditional dwellings along Fen river basin had the characteristics of linear distribution according to their types. On this basis, the author deeply analyzed the selection and adaptation of traditional dwellings in Fen river basin in natural environment, social and cultural environment and economic environment. It was found that different types of traditional dwellings were selected and adapted to local topography, climate and other natural environments. The traditional residential form also adapted to the local society, culture and economic, and has big differences.
Fen River is the mother river of Shanxi province, originated from Ningwu county, from north to south, it flows into the Yellow River in Wanrong county. There were a large number of traditional dwellings in Fen river basin during Ming and Qing, and their architectural form, courtyard layout and decorative style presented regional characteristics. Through analyzing of the traditional dwellings in Fen river basin during Ming and Qing dynasties with multiple angles, the author found that the traditional dwellings along Fen river basin had the characteristics of linear distribution according to their types. On this basis, the author deeply analyzed the selection and adaptation of traditional dwellings in Fen river basin in natural environment, social and cultural environment and economic environment. It was found that different types of traditional dwellings were selected and adapted to local topography, climate and other natural environments. The traditional residential form also adapted to the local society, culture and economic, and has big differences.
引文
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[2] 周宏伟.中国传统民居地理研究刍议[J].中国历史地理论丛,2016,31(4):9-17.
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[20] 孝义县地方志编纂委员会.孝义县志[M].北京:海潮出版社,1992:770.
[21] 文水县党史县志编纂委员会.文水县志[M].北京:中华书局,2009:883.
[22] 山西省临汾市志编纂委员会.临汾市志[M].北京:海潮出版社,2002:1544.
[23] 张青,主编.洪洞县志[M].太原:山西春秋电子音像出版社,2005:1349.
[24] 襄汾县志编纂委员会.襄汾县志[M].北京:方志出版社,2011:986.
[25] 山西省汾西县地方志编纂委员会.汾西县志[M].北京:方志出版社,1997:477.
[26] 安捷,主编.太原市志(七)[M].太原:山西古籍出版社,2005:200.
[27] 安捷,主编.太原市志(七)[M].太原:山西古籍出版社,2005:202.
[28] 王树声,李慧敏.夏门古村落人居环境规划中的"自然智慧"初探[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(社会科学版),2008,27(3):50-54.
[29] 陈国强,主编.简明文化人类学词典[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,1990:195.
[30] 安捷,主编.太原市志(精编版)[M].太原:三晋出版社,2011:656.
[31] (清)张廷玉,等.明史[Z].北京:中华书局,1974,68:1671-1672.
[32] (清)张廷玉,等.明史[Z].北京:中华书局,1974,68:1672.
[33] (明)王士性,撰,周振鹤点校.广志绎[Z].北京:中华书局,2006,3:246.
[34] 山西省政协《晋商史料全览》编辑委员会编.晋商史料全览·宅院卷[M].太原:山西人民出版社,2007:203.
①汾河流域的传统民居类型主要是两大类:瓦房和窑洞,但是河谷与山区,汾河上、中、下游的民居形态有所差别,为了能够更细致反映民居的形态差异,因此在图中展示了这几种不同的民居形态,是该区域的主要民居形态。其中,如无特殊说明,民居层数多为一层,窗户多为正常中等大小。
②大部分资料为新修方志,少数资料在清代方志中可以找到。
[2] 周宏伟.中国传统民居地理研究刍议[J].中国历史地理论丛,2016,31(4):9-17.
[3] 宁武县志编纂委员会.宁武县志[M].北京:红旗出版社,2001.
[4] 祁县地方志编纂委员会.祁县志[M].北京:中华书局,1999:277.
[5] 襄汾县志编纂委员会.襄汾县志[M].北京:方志出版社,2011:987.
[6] 山西省临汾市志编纂委员会.临汾市志[M].北京:海潮出版社,2002:1544.
[7] 侯马市志编纂委员会.侯马市志[M].北京:长城出版社,200:897.
[8] 王应立,主编.河津市志[M].太原:山西人民出版社,2002:1074.
[9] (清)徐珂.清稗类钞[M].第宅类中穴居部分,北京:中华书局,1984:190.
[10] 山西省临汾市志编纂委员会.临汾市志[M].北京:海潮出版社,2002:1544.
[11] 襄汾县志编纂委员会.襄汾县志[M].北京:方志出版社,2011:986.
[12] 山西省汾西县地方志编纂委员会.汾西县志[M].北京:方志出版社,1997:477.
[13] 成全红,杨立新,主编.乡宁县志[M].太原:山西出版传媒集团·陕西人民出版社,2012:1186.
[14] 平遥县地方志编纂委员会.平遥县志[M].北京:中华书局,1999:872.
[15] 山西省介休市志编纂委员会.介休市志[M].北京:海潮出版社,1996:670.
[16] 山西和顺县社会经济概况调查[Z].晋绥社会经济调查统计年刊,1935:73.
[17] 山西省灵石县志编纂委员会.灵石县志[M].北京:中国社会出版社,1992:584.
[18] édouard émmannuel Chavannes,Mission archéologique dans la Chine Septentrionale[M].Paris:Ernest Leroux éditeur,1909:CCCCLX.
[19] 张立新,田建如,主编.靳屯村志[M].内部图书资料,太原:山西大学历史文化学院地方文献资料室藏,2015.
[20] 孝义县地方志编纂委员会.孝义县志[M].北京:海潮出版社,1992:770.
[21] 文水县党史县志编纂委员会.文水县志[M].北京:中华书局,2009:883.
[22] 山西省临汾市志编纂委员会.临汾市志[M].北京:海潮出版社,2002:1544.
[23] 张青,主编.洪洞县志[M].太原:山西春秋电子音像出版社,2005:1349.
[24] 襄汾县志编纂委员会.襄汾县志[M].北京:方志出版社,2011:986.
[25] 山西省汾西县地方志编纂委员会.汾西县志[M].北京:方志出版社,1997:477.
[26] 安捷,主编.太原市志(七)[M].太原:山西古籍出版社,2005:200.
[27] 安捷,主编.太原市志(七)[M].太原:山西古籍出版社,2005:202.
[28] 王树声,李慧敏.夏门古村落人居环境规划中的"自然智慧"初探[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(社会科学版),2008,27(3):50-54.
[29] 陈国强,主编.简明文化人类学词典[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,1990:195.
[30] 安捷,主编.太原市志(精编版)[M].太原:三晋出版社,2011:656.
[31] (清)张廷玉,等.明史[Z].北京:中华书局,1974,68:1671-1672.
[32] (清)张廷玉,等.明史[Z].北京:中华书局,1974,68:1672.
[33] (明)王士性,撰,周振鹤点校.广志绎[Z].北京:中华书局,2006,3:246.
[34] 山西省政协《晋商史料全览》编辑委员会编.晋商史料全览·宅院卷[M].太原:山西人民出版社,2007:203.
①汾河流域的传统民居类型主要是两大类:瓦房和窑洞,但是河谷与山区,汾河上、中、下游的民居形态有所差别,为了能够更细致反映民居的形态差异,因此在图中展示了这几种不同的民居形态,是该区域的主要民居形态。其中,如无特殊说明,民居层数多为一层,窗户多为正常中等大小。
②大部分资料为新修方志,少数资料在清代方志中可以找到。