减水减肥对露天菜田黑土氮淋溶特征的影响
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摘要
为探究减水减肥对露天菜田黑土氮素淋溶的影响,本研究以菜田黑土为研究对象,对比分析常规处理(常规施肥量和灌溉量)、减肥处理(80%常规化肥量)、减水处理(80%常规灌溉量)、减水减肥配施秸秆处理(80%水80%肥配施秸秆深埋处理)的土壤氮素淋溶的变化特征。试验结果表明:4个处理的土壤铵态氮含量随土壤深度的增加而降低,土壤硝态氮含量在40～60 cm土层达到最低值,后缓慢升高,相较常规水肥处理,减水减肥配施秸秆与减水处理均显著降低了深层土中硝态氮与铵态氮的含量(P<0.05),减少了氮素向下淋溶的风险。随白菜生育期的延长,所有水肥处理土壤淋溶液中硝态氮含量逐渐升高,铵态氮含量逐渐降低;在白菜的各生育期内,与常规处理相比其他3个处理均显著降低了淋溶液中硝态氮和铵态氮含量(P<0.05),减水减肥配施秸秆降低铵态氮淋溶的效果最好。与常规处理相比,减水减肥配施秸秆处理显著降低了白菜产量,降低幅度为1.98%(P<0.05),减水、减肥处理白菜产量变化幅度较小。综上,减水处理既有效减少了土壤铵态氮与硝态氮的淋溶,又未影响白菜的产量,是经济收益最大和环境影响风险最小的可行水肥方案。
To investigate the effects of reducing irrigation and chemical fertilizers on nitrogen leaching in open-air black soil vegetable field, a study was conducted in a Chinese cabbage field. The yield and Nitrogen leaching characteristics under regular irrigation and chemical fertilizers treatment, reducing chemical fertilizer treatment(80% regular chemical fertilizers treatment), regular irrigation treatment(80% regular irrigation treatment) and reducing irrigation and chemical fertilizers with straw returning treatment(80% regular chemical fertilizers and 80% regular irrigation treatment with straw buried deep) were analyzed. The results show that: nitrogen distribution of in the four treatments changed regularly with the increase of soil depth. Soil ammonium contents decreased with the increase of soil depth,and soil nitrate content in soil reached the lowest value in the 40-60 cm soil layer and then slowly increased. Compared with regular irrigation and chemical fertilizers treatment, both reducing irrigation and chemical fertilizers with straw returning treatment and reducing irrigation significantly reduced nitrate and ammonium contents of in deeper soil(P<0.05), reducing the risk of nitrogen leaching. With the growth of Chinese cabbage, nitrate contents of all treatments gradually increased, while ammonium content gradually decreased. During each growth period of Chinese cabbage, compared with the regular irrigation and chemical fertilizers treatment, the other three treatments significantly reduced nitrate and ammonium contents in the soil leachate(P<0.05), and reducing irrigation and chemical fertilizers with straw returning has the best effect on reducing ammonium leaching.Compared with the regular irrigation and chemical fertilizer treatment, the yield of Chinese cabbage was significantly reduced by 1.98 %(P<0.05) in the treatment of reducing irrigation and chemical fertilizers with straw returning treatment, while reducing chemical fertilizers or irrigation did not significantly affect the yield.The treatment of reducing irrigation not only reduced ammonium and nitrate leaching in soil, but also had no significant impact on Chinese cabbage yield. We concluded that the reducing irrigation was the best practice as it maximized economic benefits and minimized potential environmental non-point pollution.
To investigate the effects of reducing irrigation and chemical fertilizers on nitrogen leaching in open-air black soil vegetable field, a study was conducted in a Chinese cabbage field. The yield and Nitrogen leaching characteristics under regular irrigation and chemical fertilizers treatment, reducing chemical fertilizer treatment(80% regular chemical fertilizers treatment), regular irrigation treatment(80% regular irrigation treatment) and reducing irrigation and chemical fertilizers with straw returning treatment(80% regular chemical fertilizers and 80% regular irrigation treatment with straw buried deep) were analyzed. The results show that: nitrogen distribution of in the four treatments changed regularly with the increase of soil depth. Soil ammonium contents decreased with the increase of soil depth,and soil nitrate content in soil reached the lowest value in the 40-60 cm soil layer and then slowly increased. Compared with regular irrigation and chemical fertilizers treatment, both reducing irrigation and chemical fertilizers with straw returning treatment and reducing irrigation significantly reduced nitrate and ammonium contents of in deeper soil(P<0.05), reducing the risk of nitrogen leaching. With the growth of Chinese cabbage, nitrate contents of all treatments gradually increased, while ammonium content gradually decreased. During each growth period of Chinese cabbage, compared with the regular irrigation and chemical fertilizers treatment, the other three treatments significantly reduced nitrate and ammonium contents in the soil leachate(P<0.05), and reducing irrigation and chemical fertilizers with straw returning has the best effect on reducing ammonium leaching.Compared with the regular irrigation and chemical fertilizer treatment, the yield of Chinese cabbage was significantly reduced by 1.98 %(P<0.05) in the treatment of reducing irrigation and chemical fertilizers with straw returning treatment, while reducing chemical fertilizers or irrigation did not significantly affect the yield.The treatment of reducing irrigation not only reduced ammonium and nitrate leaching in soil, but also had no significant impact on Chinese cabbage yield. We concluded that the reducing irrigation was the best practice as it maximized economic benefits and minimized potential environmental non-point pollution.
引文
[1]吴雪玲,左强,建新,等保护地菜田土壤氮素淋溶阻控措施及其效果研究[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(3):59-62.
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[4]习斌,翟丽梅,刘申,等.有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及土壤氮磷淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):332-333.
[5]唐珧,李丽君,刘平,等.减肥减水对温室黄瓜养分吸收、产量及土壤质量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2018(01):77-82.
[6]张学科,李惠霞,张倓,等.滴灌条件下水氮减量对番茄氮素利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(03):45-50.
[7]赵付江,赵巍,谢松青,等.不同灌溉方式对茄子生长水分利用和土壤硝态氮淋溶的影响[J]河北农业科学,2018,22(03):20-22,41.
[8] Li S, Ba?uelos G S, Min J, et al. Effect of continuous application of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on selenium concentration in vegetables grown in the Taihu Lake region of China[J].Plant Soil,2015,393:351-360.
[9] Min J, Zhang H, Shi W, et al. Optimizing nitrogen input to reduce nitrate leaching loss in greenhouse vegetable production[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,111:53-59.
[10] Fan Z, Lin S, Zhang X, et al. Conventional?ooding irrigation causes an overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and low nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar greenhouse vegetable production[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,144:11-19.
[11] Jamali H, Quayle W C, Baldock J, et al. Reducing nitrous oxide emissions and nitrogen leaching losses from irrigated arable cropping in Australia through optimized irrigation scheduling[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology.2015,208:32-39.
[12] Woli P, Hoogenboom G, Alva A, et al. Simulation of potato yield,nitrate leaching, and pro?t margins as in?uenced by irrigation and nitrogen management in different soils and production regions[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,171:120-130.
[13]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:146-259.
[14]马少帅,蒋静,马娟娟,等.灌水量和施肥量对盐碱土氮素分布和玉米产量的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2018,46(16):63-67.
[15]张锦源,徐欣,陈一民,等.减水和减施化肥对设施黑土菜田茄子产量及水分利用率的影响[J].土壤与作物,2018(04):374-379.
[16]骆晓声,李艳芬,寇长林,等.减量施肥对河南省典型设施菜田硝态氮和总磷淋溶量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2018,47(11):61-65.
[17]徐泰平,朱波,汪涛,等.秸秆还田对紫色土坡耕地养分流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006(01):30-32,36.
[18]刘义国,刘永红,刘洪军,等.秸秆还田量对土壤理化性状及小麦产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(03):131-135.
[19]李长林.白菜的需肥规律和施肥方法[J].吉林农业,1995(09):12.
[20]卜玉涛,毛昆明,张发明.土壤氮素淋失研究进展[J].现代农业科技,2010(16):285,291.
[21]王智琦,马忠明,张立勤.水肥耦合对作物生长的影响研究综述[J].甘肃农业科技,2011(05):44-48.
[22]刘卉,周清明,黎娟.秸秆还田对土壤改良及作物生长影响的研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(32):53-57.
[23]王文明.秸秆还田的利弊浅析[J].南方农业,2017,11(34):103-105.
[2]刘祖贵,段爱旺,吴海卿,等.水肥调配施用对温室滴灌番茄产量及水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农村水利水电,2003(1):11-12.
[3]杨青林,桑利民,孙吉茹,等.我国肥料利用现状及提高化肥利用率的方法[J].山西农业科学,2011,39(07):690-692.
[4]习斌,翟丽梅,刘申,等.有机无机肥配施对玉米产量及土壤氮磷淋溶的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(2):332-333.
[5]唐珧,李丽君,刘平,等.减肥减水对温室黄瓜养分吸收、产量及土壤质量的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2018(01):77-82.
[6]张学科,李惠霞,张倓,等.滴灌条件下水氮减量对番茄氮素利用效率的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2018,37(03):45-50.
[7]赵付江,赵巍,谢松青,等.不同灌溉方式对茄子生长水分利用和土壤硝态氮淋溶的影响[J]河北农业科学,2018,22(03):20-22,41.
[8] Li S, Ba?uelos G S, Min J, et al. Effect of continuous application of inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on selenium concentration in vegetables grown in the Taihu Lake region of China[J].Plant Soil,2015,393:351-360.
[9] Min J, Zhang H, Shi W, et al. Optimizing nitrogen input to reduce nitrate leaching loss in greenhouse vegetable production[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,111:53-59.
[10] Fan Z, Lin S, Zhang X, et al. Conventional?ooding irrigation causes an overuse of nitrogen fertilizer and low nitrogen use efficiency in intensively used solar greenhouse vegetable production[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,144:11-19.
[11] Jamali H, Quayle W C, Baldock J, et al. Reducing nitrous oxide emissions and nitrogen leaching losses from irrigated arable cropping in Australia through optimized irrigation scheduling[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology.2015,208:32-39.
[12] Woli P, Hoogenboom G, Alva A, et al. Simulation of potato yield,nitrate leaching, and pro?t margins as in?uenced by irrigation and nitrogen management in different soils and production regions[J].Agricultural Water Management,2016,171:120-130.
[13]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999:146-259.
[14]马少帅,蒋静,马娟娟,等.灌水量和施肥量对盐碱土氮素分布和玉米产量的影响[J].江苏农业科学,2018,46(16):63-67.
[15]张锦源,徐欣,陈一民,等.减水和减施化肥对设施黑土菜田茄子产量及水分利用率的影响[J].土壤与作物,2018(04):374-379.
[16]骆晓声,李艳芬,寇长林,等.减量施肥对河南省典型设施菜田硝态氮和总磷淋溶量的影响[J].河南农业科学,2018,47(11):61-65.
[17]徐泰平,朱波,汪涛,等.秸秆还田对紫色土坡耕地养分流失的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006(01):30-32,36.
[18]刘义国,刘永红,刘洪军,等.秸秆还田量对土壤理化性状及小麦产量的影响[J].中国农学通报,2013,29(03):131-135.
[19]李长林.白菜的需肥规律和施肥方法[J].吉林农业,1995(09):12.
[20]卜玉涛,毛昆明,张发明.土壤氮素淋失研究进展[J].现代农业科技,2010(16):285,291.
[21]王智琦,马忠明,张立勤.水肥耦合对作物生长的影响研究综述[J].甘肃农业科技,2011(05):44-48.
[22]刘卉,周清明,黎娟.秸秆还田对土壤改良及作物生长影响的研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2017,33(32):53-57.
[23]王文明.秸秆还田的利弊浅析[J].南方农业,2017,11(34):103-105.