国土空间规划中水源涵养功能生态保护红线备选区的识别
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摘要
水源涵养功能重要性是生态保护红线划分工作中重要的评价指标之一。通过对以往生态系统水源涵养功能区划分的指标及其区域导向的系统梳理,在进一步明晰国土空间规划中水源涵养功能生态保护红线区域指向的基础上,按照国土空间规划关于"三区三线"自下而上试划的要求,探讨了水源涵养重要性生态保护红线划分及其评价的改进方法。选取中国典型喀斯特区域六盘水市作为研究案例区,分别用环保部2015版与2017版《生态保护红线划定技术指南》中的模型法、NPP法以及本研究提出的改进方法,对六盘水市水源涵养功能生态保护红线进行了试划。对比三种方法的划定结果可以看出,改进方法因评价数据精度的提高减少了《生态保护红线划定技术指南》方法的区域损失,提高了区域判别的精准性,可望为国土空间规划中生态保护红线的划定提供科学依据。
The importance of the water conservation functional region is one of the key classification indexes to define the ecological protection "red line", i. e. the ecological protection area with the highest priority. After reviewing the classification indexes previously used for identifying the water conservation functional region and investigating their potential influences on applied areas, we propose a new method of the Red Line determination, taking the water conservation ability into account and discuss an improvement in the evaluation of the red line determination method, fulfilling the requirement of the national spatial planning, i. e.the"Three Zones and Three Lines"bottom-up determination(Three Zones represent ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space; Three Lines represent ecological conservation redline, permanent capital farmland, and urban development boundary). The study area in this paper is Liupanshui, Guizhou, a typical karst landform region in China. After combing through the previously used indexes as well as the target areas for classifying the water conservation function, we compare results of the Red Line determined by three methods, which are the modeling method, the quantifying index method(NPP)(both methods were proposed in the"Guidelines for the Delimitation of the Ecological Protection Red Line"and published by the MEP of China respectively in 2015 and 2017) and an improved method we newly propose in this study. Our method introduces two factors. One is the"vegetation cover index", used in recognizing non-ecological land and in increasing the weight of the positive effects of the water conservation function on the forest land. The other is the"elevation index", for including qualified mountain top areas as alternatives of the red line. In Liupanshui, 34.25% of the cultivated land areas is selected as the candidates for the red line, using our newly proposed method. The percentage of the cultivated land is less than the ones obtained by the modeling method(46.62%) and NPP(38.54%). Further, our method identifies more candidates of forest land areas by the amount of 44.2%, while the modeling method reaches 25.31% only and NPP reaches 43.74%. In conclusion, using the vegetation cover index and the elevation index to classify the water conservation functional regions, the red line determined by our method has a better match with the real ecological condition of Liupanshui, compared to the results from the modeling method and NPP. Therefore, we advocate these two indexes to be included as additional indicators in the"Guidelines for the Delimitation of the Ecological Protection Red Line", in order to increase the precision of the redline determination.
The importance of the water conservation functional region is one of the key classification indexes to define the ecological protection "red line", i. e. the ecological protection area with the highest priority. After reviewing the classification indexes previously used for identifying the water conservation functional region and investigating their potential influences on applied areas, we propose a new method of the Red Line determination, taking the water conservation ability into account and discuss an improvement in the evaluation of the red line determination method, fulfilling the requirement of the national spatial planning, i. e.the"Three Zones and Three Lines"bottom-up determination(Three Zones represent ecological space, agricultural space, and urban space; Three Lines represent ecological conservation redline, permanent capital farmland, and urban development boundary). The study area in this paper is Liupanshui, Guizhou, a typical karst landform region in China. After combing through the previously used indexes as well as the target areas for classifying the water conservation function, we compare results of the Red Line determined by three methods, which are the modeling method, the quantifying index method(NPP)(both methods were proposed in the"Guidelines for the Delimitation of the Ecological Protection Red Line"and published by the MEP of China respectively in 2015 and 2017) and an improved method we newly propose in this study. Our method introduces two factors. One is the"vegetation cover index", used in recognizing non-ecological land and in increasing the weight of the positive effects of the water conservation function on the forest land. The other is the"elevation index", for including qualified mountain top areas as alternatives of the red line. In Liupanshui, 34.25% of the cultivated land areas is selected as the candidates for the red line, using our newly proposed method. The percentage of the cultivated land is less than the ones obtained by the modeling method(46.62%) and NPP(38.54%). Further, our method identifies more candidates of forest land areas by the amount of 44.2%, while the modeling method reaches 25.31% only and NPP reaches 43.74%. In conclusion, using the vegetation cover index and the elevation index to classify the water conservation functional regions, the red line determined by our method has a better match with the real ecological condition of Liupanshui, compared to the results from the modeling method and NPP. Therefore, we advocate these two indexes to be included as additional indicators in the"Guidelines for the Delimitation of the Ecological Protection Red Line", in order to increase the precision of the redline determination.
引文
[1]李干杰.“生态保护红线”:确保国家生态安全的生命线.求是,2014,(2):44-46.[Li Ganjie."Red Line of Ecological Protection":Lifeline to ensure national ecological security.Qiu Shi,2014,(2):44-46.]
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[6]樊杰.芦山地震灾后恢复重建资源环境承载能力评价.北京:科学出版社,2014.[Fan Jie.Post-disaster Reconstruction Planning in Lushan Earthquake:Evaluation of Carrying Capacity of Resource Environment.Beijing:Science Press,2014.]
[7]国家发展与改革委员会.资源环境承载能力检测预警技术方法,2016.[The Development and Reform Commission.Technology and Method of Detecting and Early-warning of Carrying Capacity of Resources and Environment,2016.]
[8]国家林业局.推进生态文明建设规划纲要(2013-2020年),2013.[Ministry of Forestry.Outline for promoting the Construction of Ecological Civilization(2013-2020),2013.]
[9]中华人民共和国水利部.关于加快推进水生态文明建设工作的意见,2013.[Ministry of Water Resources.Suggestions on Speeding Up The Construction of Water Ecological Civilization,2013.]
[10]国家海洋局.关于建立渤海海洋生态红线制度若干意见,2012.[National Bureau of Oceanography.Establishment of the Marine Ecological Red Line System in the Bohai Sea,2012]
[11]Costanza R.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital.Nature,1999,25(1):3-15.
[12]欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究.生态学报,1999,19(5):19-25.[Ouyang Zhiyun,Wang Xiaoke,Miao Hong.A primary study on Chinese terrestrial ecosystem services and their ecological-economic values.Acta Ecologica Sinica,1999,19(5):19-25.]
[13]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值.科学通报,2000,45(1):17-22,113.[Chen Zhongxin,Zhang Xinshi.The value of China's eco-system benefits.Chinese Science Bulletin,2000,45(1):17-22,113.]
[14]谢高地,鲁春霞,肖玉,等.青藏高原高寒草地生态系统服务价值评估.山地学报,2003,21(1):50-55.[Xie Gaodi,Lu Chunxia,Xiao Yu,et al.The economic evaluation of grassland ecosystem services in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Journal of Mountain Science,2003,21(1):50-55.]
[15]吴钢,肖寒,赵景柱,等.长白山森林生态系统服务功能.中国科学:生命科学,2001,31(5):471-480.[Wu Gang,Xiao Han,Zhao Jingzhu,et al.The value of the forest ecosystem services of Changbai Mountain.Scientia Sinica:Vitae,2001,31(5):471-480.]
[16]崔丽娟.鄱阳湖湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估研究.生态学杂志,2004,23(4):47-51.[Cui Lijuan.Evaluation on functions of Poyang Lake ecosystem.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2004,23(4):47-51.]
[17]欧阳志云,赵同谦,赵景柱,等.海南岛生态系统生态调节功能及其生态经济价值研究.应用生态学报,2004,15(8):1395-1402.[Ouyang Zhiyun,Zhao Tongqian,Zhao Jingzhu,et al.Ecological regulation services of Hainan Island ecosystem and their valuation.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(8):1395-1402.]
[18]马琪,刘康,刘文宗,等.干旱半干旱区生态保护红线划分研究:以“多规合一”试点榆林市为例.地理研究,2018,37(1):158-170.[Ma Qi,Liu Kang,Liu Wenzong,et al.Zoning the ecological redline in arid and semiarid regions:Taking Yulin city as an example in the context of an integrated multi-planning.Geographical Research,2018,37(1):158-170.]
[19]包玉斌,李婷,柳辉,等.基于InVEST模型的陕北黄土高原水源涵养功能时空变化.地理研究,2016,35(4):664-676.[Bao Yubin,Li Ting,Liu Hui,et al.Spatial and temporal changes of water conservation of Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi province by InVEST model.Geographical Research,2016,35(4):664-676.]
[20]刘学全,唐万鹏,崔鸿侠.丹江口库区主要植被类型水源涵养功能综合评价.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2009,33(1):59-63.[Liu Xuequan,Tang Wanpeng,Cui Hongxia.A comprehensive evaluation of water conservation capacity of main vegetation types in Danjiangkou Reservoir area.Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Sciences Edition,2009,33(1):59-63.]
[2]国务院.全国主体功能区规划(2010).http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-06/08/content_1879180.htm,2011-06-08.[The State Council of the People's Republic of China.National main function area planning(2010).http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-06/08/content_1879180.htm,2011-06-08.]
[3]环境保护部,中国科学院.全国生态功能区划(修编版).http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201511/t20151126_317777.htm,2015-11-23.[Ministry of Environmental Protection,Chinese Academy of Sciences.National Ecological Function Zoning(revised edition).http://www.zhb.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201511/t20151126_317777.htm,2015-11-23.]
[4]樊杰.国家汶川地震灾后重建规划:资源环境承载能力评价.北京:科学出版社,2009.[Fan Jie.Post-disaster Reconstruction Planning in Wenchuan Earthquake:Evaluation of Carrying Capacity of Resource Environment.Beijing:Science Press,2009.]
[5]樊杰.玉树地震灾后恢复重建-资源环境承载能力评价.北京:科学出版社,2010.[Fan Jie.Recovery and Reconstruction after Yushu Earthquake:Evaluation of Carrying Capacity of Resources and Environment.Beijing:Science Press,2010.]
[6]樊杰.芦山地震灾后恢复重建资源环境承载能力评价.北京:科学出版社,2014.[Fan Jie.Post-disaster Reconstruction Planning in Lushan Earthquake:Evaluation of Carrying Capacity of Resource Environment.Beijing:Science Press,2014.]
[7]国家发展与改革委员会.资源环境承载能力检测预警技术方法,2016.[The Development and Reform Commission.Technology and Method of Detecting and Early-warning of Carrying Capacity of Resources and Environment,2016.]
[8]国家林业局.推进生态文明建设规划纲要(2013-2020年),2013.[Ministry of Forestry.Outline for promoting the Construction of Ecological Civilization(2013-2020),2013.]
[9]中华人民共和国水利部.关于加快推进水生态文明建设工作的意见,2013.[Ministry of Water Resources.Suggestions on Speeding Up The Construction of Water Ecological Civilization,2013.]
[10]国家海洋局.关于建立渤海海洋生态红线制度若干意见,2012.[National Bureau of Oceanography.Establishment of the Marine Ecological Red Line System in the Bohai Sea,2012]
[11]Costanza R.The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital.Nature,1999,25(1):3-15.
[12]欧阳志云,王效科,苗鸿.中国陆地生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值的初步研究.生态学报,1999,19(5):19-25.[Ouyang Zhiyun,Wang Xiaoke,Miao Hong.A primary study on Chinese terrestrial ecosystem services and their ecological-economic values.Acta Ecologica Sinica,1999,19(5):19-25.]
[13]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值.科学通报,2000,45(1):17-22,113.[Chen Zhongxin,Zhang Xinshi.The value of China's eco-system benefits.Chinese Science Bulletin,2000,45(1):17-22,113.]
[14]谢高地,鲁春霞,肖玉,等.青藏高原高寒草地生态系统服务价值评估.山地学报,2003,21(1):50-55.[Xie Gaodi,Lu Chunxia,Xiao Yu,et al.The economic evaluation of grassland ecosystem services in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.Journal of Mountain Science,2003,21(1):50-55.]
[15]吴钢,肖寒,赵景柱,等.长白山森林生态系统服务功能.中国科学:生命科学,2001,31(5):471-480.[Wu Gang,Xiao Han,Zhao Jingzhu,et al.The value of the forest ecosystem services of Changbai Mountain.Scientia Sinica:Vitae,2001,31(5):471-480.]
[16]崔丽娟.鄱阳湖湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估研究.生态学杂志,2004,23(4):47-51.[Cui Lijuan.Evaluation on functions of Poyang Lake ecosystem.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2004,23(4):47-51.]
[17]欧阳志云,赵同谦,赵景柱,等.海南岛生态系统生态调节功能及其生态经济价值研究.应用生态学报,2004,15(8):1395-1402.[Ouyang Zhiyun,Zhao Tongqian,Zhao Jingzhu,et al.Ecological regulation services of Hainan Island ecosystem and their valuation.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2004,15(8):1395-1402.]
[18]马琪,刘康,刘文宗,等.干旱半干旱区生态保护红线划分研究:以“多规合一”试点榆林市为例.地理研究,2018,37(1):158-170.[Ma Qi,Liu Kang,Liu Wenzong,et al.Zoning the ecological redline in arid and semiarid regions:Taking Yulin city as an example in the context of an integrated multi-planning.Geographical Research,2018,37(1):158-170.]
[19]包玉斌,李婷,柳辉,等.基于InVEST模型的陕北黄土高原水源涵养功能时空变化.地理研究,2016,35(4):664-676.[Bao Yubin,Li Ting,Liu Hui,et al.Spatial and temporal changes of water conservation of Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi province by InVEST model.Geographical Research,2016,35(4):664-676.]
[20]刘学全,唐万鹏,崔鸿侠.丹江口库区主要植被类型水源涵养功能综合评价.南京林业大学学报:自然科学版,2009,33(1):59-63.[Liu Xuequan,Tang Wanpeng,Cui Hongxia.A comprehensive evaluation of water conservation capacity of main vegetation types in Danjiangkou Reservoir area.Journal of Nanjing Forestry University:Natural Sciences Edition,2009,33(1):59-63.]