基于空间差异的黑河中游土地多功能利用研究
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摘要
土地多功能利用是提高土地利用综合效率、协调用地矛盾的有效途径。选择人地关系较活跃的黑河中游为研究区,融合多源数据,采用集对分析、热点分析和空间自相关等方法,对2000-2014年土地多功能利用进行动态评价及空间关系揭示。结果表明:土地利用功能增加了近一倍,以社会功能和经济功能为主;各功能之间表现为协同或互斥关系:社会功能和经济功能、环境功能和文化功能之间均呈正相关关系,但社会功能和环境功能之间呈负相关关系;土地利用各功能均具有明显的空间聚集性特点,多功能利用集中在黑河水系形成的绿洲平原区、区县建成区和南部山区。研究结果对干旱区土地持续利用管理具有重要的借鉴意义。
Land use change causes the transformations of land use functions. In recent years,with the deep understanding of land use and its regional environmental effects, changes in land functions have attracted more attention. On the one hand, due to land resource scarcity,understanding multifunction land use, especially its spatial differentiation, plays a significant role in making full use of land. On the other hand, better understanding multifunctional land use can provide scientific evidence for formulating land use policies and fulfilling sustainable land management. Therefore, multifunctional land use is an effective way to increase land use efficiency and mitigate land use contradictions. Historically and nowadays, the scarcity and unbalanced spatial distribution of land resources has been limiting the socio-economic development of the arid northwestern China, thus there is a pressing need to explore changes in multifunctional land use of this region. Here, we analyzed natural and socio-economic datasets from multiple sources, and assessed the spatial and temporal dynamics of multifunctional land use in the middle reach of Heihe River basin from 2000 to 2014, a typical arid area with much intense human-environmental interaction. We built a suite of indices for the assessment of multifunctional land use from the dimensions of land use functions, ecosystem services, and landscape functions. Then we employed the Set Pair Analysis(SPA) to assess the dynamics of multifunctional land use, and the spatial statistics methods(e.g., hotspot analysis, spatial autocorrelation) to reveal spatial patterns. The results show that from 2000 to 2014, land use function has doubled. Social, economic, environmental and cultural functions have increased differently. Overall, social and economic functions have increased more rapidly than environmental and cultural functions. These four functions develop in an unbalanced way.Social function is positively correlated to economic function, because they both reflect human society and economic development. Environmental function is positively correlated to cultural function, which indicates environment has cooperative relation with resources and landscape.The correlation between social and environmental functions is negative and weak, because land use is difficult to satisfy human's needs while keeping environmental function well. Secondclass functions show the same correlation patterns as the first-class functions. There are three typical areas for multifunctional land use in the study area: the alluvial plain areas, the urban areas, the southern piedmont areas of Qilian Mountains and Longshou Mountains. Alluvial plain areas have abundant water resources, and are mainly composite of wetlands and croplands. The functions of these areas are food supplies and ecological balance regulation.Urban areas mainly provide social, economic and cultural functions. Southern piedmont areas mainly consist of forests and grasslands, and are at high altitudes with suitable hydrothermal condition. Thus, they can better provide functions of resource supplies and ecological regulation. Our research has great implications for sustainable land use in the arid zone.
Land use change causes the transformations of land use functions. In recent years,with the deep understanding of land use and its regional environmental effects, changes in land functions have attracted more attention. On the one hand, due to land resource scarcity,understanding multifunction land use, especially its spatial differentiation, plays a significant role in making full use of land. On the other hand, better understanding multifunctional land use can provide scientific evidence for formulating land use policies and fulfilling sustainable land management. Therefore, multifunctional land use is an effective way to increase land use efficiency and mitigate land use contradictions. Historically and nowadays, the scarcity and unbalanced spatial distribution of land resources has been limiting the socio-economic development of the arid northwestern China, thus there is a pressing need to explore changes in multifunctional land use of this region. Here, we analyzed natural and socio-economic datasets from multiple sources, and assessed the spatial and temporal dynamics of multifunctional land use in the middle reach of Heihe River basin from 2000 to 2014, a typical arid area with much intense human-environmental interaction. We built a suite of indices for the assessment of multifunctional land use from the dimensions of land use functions, ecosystem services, and landscape functions. Then we employed the Set Pair Analysis(SPA) to assess the dynamics of multifunctional land use, and the spatial statistics methods(e.g., hotspot analysis, spatial autocorrelation) to reveal spatial patterns. The results show that from 2000 to 2014, land use function has doubled. Social, economic, environmental and cultural functions have increased differently. Overall, social and economic functions have increased more rapidly than environmental and cultural functions. These four functions develop in an unbalanced way.Social function is positively correlated to economic function, because they both reflect human society and economic development. Environmental function is positively correlated to cultural function, which indicates environment has cooperative relation with resources and landscape.The correlation between social and environmental functions is negative and weak, because land use is difficult to satisfy human's needs while keeping environmental function well. Secondclass functions show the same correlation patterns as the first-class functions. There are three typical areas for multifunctional land use in the study area: the alluvial plain areas, the urban areas, the southern piedmont areas of Qilian Mountains and Longshou Mountains. Alluvial plain areas have abundant water resources, and are mainly composite of wetlands and croplands. The functions of these areas are food supplies and ecological balance regulation.Urban areas mainly provide social, economic and cultural functions. Southern piedmont areas mainly consist of forests and grasslands, and are at high altitudes with suitable hydrothermal condition. Thus, they can better provide functions of resource supplies and ecological regulation. Our research has great implications for sustainable land use in the arid zone.
引文
[1]蒙吉军.土地评价与管理.北京:科学出版社,2011.[Meng Jijun.Land Assessment and Management.Beijing:Science Press,2011.]
[2]OECD.Multifunctional:Towards an Analytical Framework.Paris:Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,2001.
[3]Verburg P,Van De Steeg J,Veldkamp A,et al.From land cover change to land function dynamics:A major challenge to improve land characterization.Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(3):1327-1335.
[4]鲁春霞,谢高地,马蓓蓓,等.中国区域发展过程的空间多功能利用演变.资源科学,2009,31(4):531-538.[Lu Chunxia,Xie Gaodi,Ma Beibei,et al.The evolution of multifunctional use of space in the process of regional development in China.Resources Science,2009,31(4):531-538.]
[5]龙花楼.论土地利用转型与土地资源管理.地理研究,2015,34(9):1607-1618.[Long Hualou.Land use transition and land management.Geographical Research,2015,34(9):1607-1618.]
[6]杨雪,谈明洪.近年来北京市耕地多功能演变及其关联性.自然资源学报,2014,29(5):733-743.[Yang Xue,Tan Minghong.Changes and relationships of arable land functions in Beijing in recent years.Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(5):733-743.]
[7]甄霖,曹淑艳,魏云洁,等.土地空间多功能利用:理论框架及实证研究.资源科学,2009,31(4):544-551.[Zhen Lin,Cao Shuyan,Wei Yunjie,et al.Land use functions:Conceptual framework and application for China.Resources Science,2009,31(4):544-551.]
[8]张路路,郑新奇,蔡玉梅,等.基于全排列多边形图示指标法的湖南省土地多功能性评价.水土保持研究,2016,23(5):298-303.[Zhang Lulu,Zheng Xinqi,Cai Yumei,et al.Assessment on multi-functionality of land use based on the entire-array-polygon indicator method in Hunan province.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(5):298-303.]
[9]刘卫东.耕地多功能保护问题研究.国土资源科技管理,2008,25(1):1-5.[Liu Weidong.A study of multi-functional protection of cultivated land.Scientific and Technological Management of Land and Resources,2008,25(1):1-5.]
[10]Paracchini M,Pacini C,Jones M,et al.An aggregation framework to link indicators associated with multifunctional land use to the stakeholder evaluation of policy options.Ecological Indicators,2011,11(1):71-80.
[11]Perez-Soba M,Petit S,Jones L,et al.Land Use Functions:A Multifunctionality Approach to Assess the Impact of Land Use Changes on Land Use Sustainability.Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2008.
[12]Helming K,Perez-Soba M,Tabbush M P.Sustainability Impact Assessment of Land Use Changes.Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2008.
[13]Verweij P,Knapen M,Winter W,et al.An IT perspective on integrated environmental modelling:The SIAT case.Ecological Modelling,2010,221(18):2167-2176.
[14]Manderü,Helming K,Wiggering H.Multifunctional Land Use:Meeting Future Demands for Landscape Goods and Services.Berlin Heidelberg:Springer,2007.
[15]Wiggering H,Dalchow C,Glemnitz M,et al.Indicators for multifunctional land use:Linking socio-economic requirements with landscape potentials.Ecological Indicators,2006,6(1):238-249.
[16]Reidsma P,K?nig H,Feng S,et al.Methods and tools for integrated assessment of land use policies on sustainable development in developing countries.Land Use Policy,2011,28(3):604-617.
[17]Bassi I,Zaccarin S,De Stefano D.Rural inter-firm networks as basis for multifunctional local system development:Evidence from an Italian alpine area.Land Use Policy,2014,38(2):70-79.
[18]甄霖,魏云洁,谢高地,等.中国土地利用多功能性动态的区域分析.生态学报,2010,30(24):6749-6761.[Zhen Lin,Wei Yunjie,Xie Gaodi,et al.Regional analysis of dynamic land use functions in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(24):6479-6761.]
[19]Xie G,Zhen L,Zhang C,et al.Assessing the multifunctionalities of land use in China.Journal of Resources and Ecology,2010,1(4):311-318.
[20]陈睿山,蔡运龙,严祥,等.土地系统功能及其可持续性评价.中国土地科学,2011,25(1):8-15.[Chen Ruishan,Cai Yunlong,Yan Xiang,et al.The functions of land system and its sustainability assessment.China Land Science,2011,25(1):8-15.]
[21]李德一,张树文,吕学军,等.基于栅格的土地利用功能变化监测方法.自然资源学报,2011,26(8):1297-1305.[Li Deyi,Zhang Shuwen,Lv Xuejun,et al.Changing detection method of land use functions based on geographical grid.Journal of Natural Resources,2011,26(8):1207-1305.]
[22]田雪萍.北京市耕地多功能性及与社会经济耦合关系研究.北京:中国地质大学硕士学位论文,2014.[Tian Xueping.Study of multifunction cultivated land and its coupling mechanism with the socio-economic development in Beijing.Beijing:Master Dissertation of China University of Geosciences,2014.]
[23]宋志军,刘黎明.北京市城郊农业区多功能演变的空间特征.地理科学,2011,31(4):427-433.[Song Zhijun,Liu Liming.Spatial characteristics analysis for multifunctional transition of suburban agricultural areas in Beijing.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(4):427-433.]
[24]王枫,董玉祥.基于灰色关联投影法的土地利用多功能动态评价及障碍因子诊断:以广州市为例.自然资源学报,2015,30(10):1698-1713.[Wang Feng,Dong Yuxiang.Dynamic evaluation of land use functions based on grey relation projection method and diagnosis of its obstacle indicators:A case study of Guangzhou city.Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(10):1698-1713.]
[25]张乐敏.青海省海晏县土地利用多功能评价.武汉:中国地质大学硕士学位论文,2012.[Zhang Lemin.Assessment on land use multifunction in Haiyan county,Qinghai province.Wuhan:Master Dissertation of China University of Geosciences,2014.]
[26]陈杰.开封市耕地多功能的评价研究.开封:河南大学硕士学位论文,2013.[Chen Jie.Kaifeng multi-function of cultivated land evaluation studies.Kaifeng:Master Dissertation of Henan University,2013.]
[27]Fleskens L,Duarte F,Eicher I.A conceptual framework for the assessment of multiple functions of agro-ecosystems:Acase study of Trás-os-Montes olive groves.Journal of Rural Studies,2009,25(1):141-155.
[28]傅伯杰.景观多样性分析及其制图研究.生态学报,1995,15(4):345-350.[Fu Bojie.Landscape diversity analysis and mapping.Acta Ecologica Sinica,1995,15(4):345-350.]
[29]张梦婕,官冬杰,苏维词.基于生态交错带理论的生态环境潜在容量评估和预警研究:以重庆三峡库区为例.重庆师范大学学报:自然科学版,2015,32(4):54-60.[Zhang Mengjie,Guan Dongjie,Su Weici.Potential capacity assessment of ecological environment and pre-warning research based on ecotone theory:A case study of Three Gorges Reservoir.Journal of Chongqing Normal University:Natural Science,2015,32(4):54-60.]
[30]王俊岭.区域社会经济格网数据集指标体系构建及典型指标空间化研究.西安:陕西师范大学硕士学位论文,2014.[Wang Junling.Study on the index system construction of the regional social economic grid data set and the spatial study of typical indexes.Xi'an:Master Dissertation of Shaanxi Normal University,2014.]
[31]赵克勤.集对分析及其初步应用.杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,2000.[Zhao Keqin.Set Pair Analysis and Elementary Application.Hangzhou:Zhejiang Science and Technology Press,2000.]
[32]苏飞,陈媛,张平宇.基于集对分析的旅游城市经济系统脆弱性评价:以舟山市为例.地理科学,2013,33(5):538-544.[Su Fei,Chen Yuan,Zhang Pingyu.Vulnerability assessment of tourism city's economic system based on the set pair analysis:A case study of Zhoushan city.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(5):538-544.]
[33]Moran P.Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena.Biometrika,1950,37(1-2):17-23.
[34]林锦耀,黎夏.基于空间自相关的东莞市主体功能区划分.地理研究,2014,33(2):349-357.[Lin Jinyao,Li Xia.MFOZ planning of Dongguan based on spatial autocorrelation by using genetic algorithms.Geographical Research,2014,33(2):349-357.]
[35]Getis A,Ord J K.The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics.Geographical Analysis,1992,24(3):189-206.
[2]OECD.Multifunctional:Towards an Analytical Framework.Paris:Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development,2001.
[3]Verburg P,Van De Steeg J,Veldkamp A,et al.From land cover change to land function dynamics:A major challenge to improve land characterization.Journal of Environmental Management,2009,90(3):1327-1335.
[4]鲁春霞,谢高地,马蓓蓓,等.中国区域发展过程的空间多功能利用演变.资源科学,2009,31(4):531-538.[Lu Chunxia,Xie Gaodi,Ma Beibei,et al.The evolution of multifunctional use of space in the process of regional development in China.Resources Science,2009,31(4):531-538.]
[5]龙花楼.论土地利用转型与土地资源管理.地理研究,2015,34(9):1607-1618.[Long Hualou.Land use transition and land management.Geographical Research,2015,34(9):1607-1618.]
[6]杨雪,谈明洪.近年来北京市耕地多功能演变及其关联性.自然资源学报,2014,29(5):733-743.[Yang Xue,Tan Minghong.Changes and relationships of arable land functions in Beijing in recent years.Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(5):733-743.]
[7]甄霖,曹淑艳,魏云洁,等.土地空间多功能利用:理论框架及实证研究.资源科学,2009,31(4):544-551.[Zhen Lin,Cao Shuyan,Wei Yunjie,et al.Land use functions:Conceptual framework and application for China.Resources Science,2009,31(4):544-551.]
[8]张路路,郑新奇,蔡玉梅,等.基于全排列多边形图示指标法的湖南省土地多功能性评价.水土保持研究,2016,23(5):298-303.[Zhang Lulu,Zheng Xinqi,Cai Yumei,et al.Assessment on multi-functionality of land use based on the entire-array-polygon indicator method in Hunan province.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(5):298-303.]
[9]刘卫东.耕地多功能保护问题研究.国土资源科技管理,2008,25(1):1-5.[Liu Weidong.A study of multi-functional protection of cultivated land.Scientific and Technological Management of Land and Resources,2008,25(1):1-5.]
[10]Paracchini M,Pacini C,Jones M,et al.An aggregation framework to link indicators associated with multifunctional land use to the stakeholder evaluation of policy options.Ecological Indicators,2011,11(1):71-80.
[11]Perez-Soba M,Petit S,Jones L,et al.Land Use Functions:A Multifunctionality Approach to Assess the Impact of Land Use Changes on Land Use Sustainability.Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2008.
[12]Helming K,Perez-Soba M,Tabbush M P.Sustainability Impact Assessment of Land Use Changes.Berlin:Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2008.
[13]Verweij P,Knapen M,Winter W,et al.An IT perspective on integrated environmental modelling:The SIAT case.Ecological Modelling,2010,221(18):2167-2176.
[14]Manderü,Helming K,Wiggering H.Multifunctional Land Use:Meeting Future Demands for Landscape Goods and Services.Berlin Heidelberg:Springer,2007.
[15]Wiggering H,Dalchow C,Glemnitz M,et al.Indicators for multifunctional land use:Linking socio-economic requirements with landscape potentials.Ecological Indicators,2006,6(1):238-249.
[16]Reidsma P,K?nig H,Feng S,et al.Methods and tools for integrated assessment of land use policies on sustainable development in developing countries.Land Use Policy,2011,28(3):604-617.
[17]Bassi I,Zaccarin S,De Stefano D.Rural inter-firm networks as basis for multifunctional local system development:Evidence from an Italian alpine area.Land Use Policy,2014,38(2):70-79.
[18]甄霖,魏云洁,谢高地,等.中国土地利用多功能性动态的区域分析.生态学报,2010,30(24):6749-6761.[Zhen Lin,Wei Yunjie,Xie Gaodi,et al.Regional analysis of dynamic land use functions in China.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(24):6479-6761.]
[19]Xie G,Zhen L,Zhang C,et al.Assessing the multifunctionalities of land use in China.Journal of Resources and Ecology,2010,1(4):311-318.
[20]陈睿山,蔡运龙,严祥,等.土地系统功能及其可持续性评价.中国土地科学,2011,25(1):8-15.[Chen Ruishan,Cai Yunlong,Yan Xiang,et al.The functions of land system and its sustainability assessment.China Land Science,2011,25(1):8-15.]
[21]李德一,张树文,吕学军,等.基于栅格的土地利用功能变化监测方法.自然资源学报,2011,26(8):1297-1305.[Li Deyi,Zhang Shuwen,Lv Xuejun,et al.Changing detection method of land use functions based on geographical grid.Journal of Natural Resources,2011,26(8):1207-1305.]
[22]田雪萍.北京市耕地多功能性及与社会经济耦合关系研究.北京:中国地质大学硕士学位论文,2014.[Tian Xueping.Study of multifunction cultivated land and its coupling mechanism with the socio-economic development in Beijing.Beijing:Master Dissertation of China University of Geosciences,2014.]
[23]宋志军,刘黎明.北京市城郊农业区多功能演变的空间特征.地理科学,2011,31(4):427-433.[Song Zhijun,Liu Liming.Spatial characteristics analysis for multifunctional transition of suburban agricultural areas in Beijing.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(4):427-433.]
[24]王枫,董玉祥.基于灰色关联投影法的土地利用多功能动态评价及障碍因子诊断:以广州市为例.自然资源学报,2015,30(10):1698-1713.[Wang Feng,Dong Yuxiang.Dynamic evaluation of land use functions based on grey relation projection method and diagnosis of its obstacle indicators:A case study of Guangzhou city.Journal of Natural Resources,2015,30(10):1698-1713.]
[25]张乐敏.青海省海晏县土地利用多功能评价.武汉:中国地质大学硕士学位论文,2012.[Zhang Lemin.Assessment on land use multifunction in Haiyan county,Qinghai province.Wuhan:Master Dissertation of China University of Geosciences,2014.]
[26]陈杰.开封市耕地多功能的评价研究.开封:河南大学硕士学位论文,2013.[Chen Jie.Kaifeng multi-function of cultivated land evaluation studies.Kaifeng:Master Dissertation of Henan University,2013.]
[27]Fleskens L,Duarte F,Eicher I.A conceptual framework for the assessment of multiple functions of agro-ecosystems:Acase study of Trás-os-Montes olive groves.Journal of Rural Studies,2009,25(1):141-155.
[28]傅伯杰.景观多样性分析及其制图研究.生态学报,1995,15(4):345-350.[Fu Bojie.Landscape diversity analysis and mapping.Acta Ecologica Sinica,1995,15(4):345-350.]
[29]张梦婕,官冬杰,苏维词.基于生态交错带理论的生态环境潜在容量评估和预警研究:以重庆三峡库区为例.重庆师范大学学报:自然科学版,2015,32(4):54-60.[Zhang Mengjie,Guan Dongjie,Su Weici.Potential capacity assessment of ecological environment and pre-warning research based on ecotone theory:A case study of Three Gorges Reservoir.Journal of Chongqing Normal University:Natural Science,2015,32(4):54-60.]
[30]王俊岭.区域社会经济格网数据集指标体系构建及典型指标空间化研究.西安:陕西师范大学硕士学位论文,2014.[Wang Junling.Study on the index system construction of the regional social economic grid data set and the spatial study of typical indexes.Xi'an:Master Dissertation of Shaanxi Normal University,2014.]
[31]赵克勤.集对分析及其初步应用.杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,2000.[Zhao Keqin.Set Pair Analysis and Elementary Application.Hangzhou:Zhejiang Science and Technology Press,2000.]
[32]苏飞,陈媛,张平宇.基于集对分析的旅游城市经济系统脆弱性评价:以舟山市为例.地理科学,2013,33(5):538-544.[Su Fei,Chen Yuan,Zhang Pingyu.Vulnerability assessment of tourism city's economic system based on the set pair analysis:A case study of Zhoushan city.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(5):538-544.]
[33]Moran P.Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena.Biometrika,1950,37(1-2):17-23.
[34]林锦耀,黎夏.基于空间自相关的东莞市主体功能区划分.地理研究,2014,33(2):349-357.[Lin Jinyao,Li Xia.MFOZ planning of Dongguan based on spatial autocorrelation by using genetic algorithms.Geographical Research,2014,33(2):349-357.]
[35]Getis A,Ord J K.The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics.Geographical Analysis,1992,24(3):189-206.