雨强和坡度对铁尾矿砂坡面复垦前后产流产沙的影响
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摘要
运用人工模拟降雨技术,研究铁尾矿砂裸坡及复垦坡面在雨强和坡度共同作用下的产流产沙特征。结果表明:(1)坡面产流及产沙受各因子影响程度均为:雨强>坡度>基质类型。(2)就铁尾矿砂裸坡而言,雨强对坡面产流影响显著,坡面产流随着雨强和坡度的增大均呈现递增趋势,随着雨强的增大,其作为坡面产流主导因素的作用突显,会出现掩盖坡度对坡面产流影响的现象;坡面产沙随着雨强的增大基本呈现递增趋势,且坡度越大产沙的增幅越大,雨强和坡度对坡面产沙影响均显著。(3)在复垦设计坡度25°条件下,就减流效果而言,不同基质类型复垦坡面间减流规律相似、效果差别甚微,随着雨强的增大减流效果逐渐消失;单纯考虑减沙效果,不同复垦坡面的减沙效果因基质的不同存在一定的差异,综合考虑不同雨强下的减沙效果,铁尾矿砂与菌糠混合物是复垦坡面基质的最优选择。研究结果可为铁尾矿砂裸坡土壤侵蚀的防治和铁尾矿库复垦提供经验参考和合理建议。
The rainfall simulation technique was applied to study the characteristics of runoff and sediment yield under the combination of rain intensity and slope on slope before and after reclamation in the iron tailings.The results showed that:(1)the influence of various factors on runoff and sediment yield on slope decreased in the order:rainfall intensity>slope gradient>substrate type;(2)in the case of bare slopes of iron tailings,rainfall intensity significantly affected runoff on the slope,and the runoff presented the increasing trend with the increase of rainfall intensity and slope gradient;as the rainfall intensity increased,its role as the dominant factor of slope runoff was prominent,and the phenomenon covering the effect of slope gradient on the runoff occurred;the sediment yield increased with the increase of rainfall intensity,the increase of sediment yield became larger when the slope gradient was greater,the influences of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on the sediment yield were significant;(3)under the condition of designed reclamation slope with 25°,in terms of the effect of runoff reduction,the patterns of runoff reduction among different substrates were similar,and the effects were little different;with the increase of rainfall intensity,the effect of runoff reduction gradually disappeared;considering the effect of sediment reduction only,the effects of sediment reduction on different reclamation slopes were different because of the different substrates;with respect to comprehensive consideration of sediment reduction effects under different rainfall intensities,it was the best choice to use the mixture of iron tailings and mushroom residues as the substrate for slope reclamation.The results can provide empirical references and reasonable suggestions for the prevention and control on erosion on bare iron tailing slope and the reclamation of iron tailing pond.
The rainfall simulation technique was applied to study the characteristics of runoff and sediment yield under the combination of rain intensity and slope on slope before and after reclamation in the iron tailings.The results showed that:(1)the influence of various factors on runoff and sediment yield on slope decreased in the order:rainfall intensity>slope gradient>substrate type;(2)in the case of bare slopes of iron tailings,rainfall intensity significantly affected runoff on the slope,and the runoff presented the increasing trend with the increase of rainfall intensity and slope gradient;as the rainfall intensity increased,its role as the dominant factor of slope runoff was prominent,and the phenomenon covering the effect of slope gradient on the runoff occurred;the sediment yield increased with the increase of rainfall intensity,the increase of sediment yield became larger when the slope gradient was greater,the influences of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on the sediment yield were significant;(3)under the condition of designed reclamation slope with 25°,in terms of the effect of runoff reduction,the patterns of runoff reduction among different substrates were similar,and the effects were little different;with the increase of rainfall intensity,the effect of runoff reduction gradually disappeared;considering the effect of sediment reduction only,the effects of sediment reduction on different reclamation slopes were different because of the different substrates;with respect to comprehensive consideration of sediment reduction effects under different rainfall intensities,it was the best choice to use the mixture of iron tailings and mushroom residues as the substrate for slope reclamation.The results can provide empirical references and reasonable suggestions for the prevention and control on erosion on bare iron tailing slope and the reclamation of iron tailing pond.
引文
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[13]张汉雄.黄土高原的暴雨特性及其分布规律[J].地理学报,1983,38(4):416-425.
[14]黄俊,赵西宁,吴普特.基于通径分析和灰色关联理论的坡面产流产沙影响因子分析[J].工程科学与技术,2012,44(5):64-70.
[15]张洪江.土壤侵蚀原理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000.
[16]周宁,李超,琚存勇,等.黑龙江省土壤可蚀性K值特征分析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(10):182-189.
[17]孙龙,张光辉,王兵,等.黄土高原不同退耕年限刺槐林地土壤侵蚀阻力[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(10):191-197.
[18]王栋栋,王占礼,张庆玮,等.草地植被覆盖度坡度及雨强对坡面径流含沙量影响试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(15):119-125.
[19]肖继兵,孙占祥,刘志,等.降雨侵蚀因子和植被类型及覆盖度对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(22):159-166.
[20]常松果,胡雪琴,史东梅,等.不同土壤管理措施下坡耕地产流产沙和氮磷流失特征[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):34-40.
[21]李晓原,张文太,李建贵,等.伊犁河谷5种土壤管理措施减流减沙效果分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(3):51-57.
[22]刘青泉,陈力,李家春.坡度对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响分析[J].应用数学和力学,2001,22(5):449-457.
[23]牟信刚.护坡绿化基质筛选及其理化性质研究[D].山东泰安:山东农业大学,2008.
[24]张晓君,杨胜香,段纯,等.蘑菇渣作为改良剂对铅锌尾矿改良效果研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(3):526-531.
[25] Zhang B,Horn R.Mechanisms of aggregate stabilization in Ultisols from subtropical China[J].Geoderma,2001,99(1):123-145.
[26]员学锋,汪有科,吴普特,等.PAM对土壤物理性状影响的试验研究及机理分析[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(2):37-40.
[27]吕春娟,毕如田,陈卫国,等.土壤结构调理剂PAM对复垦铁尾矿砂物理性状的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(6):240-245.
[2]张锦瑞.论铁矿尾矿的资源化[J].资源开发与市场,1999,15(2):89-90.
[3]秦静,王永生.我国矿业开采带来的环境问题及其土地复垦[J].中国国土资源经济,2009,22(1):18-20.
[4]黄勇刚.我国铁尾矿资源的利用现状及展望[J].资源与产业,2013,15(3):40-44.
[5] Wu L,Peng M,Qiao S,et al.Effects of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on runoff and sediment yield characteristics of bare loess soil[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2018,25(4):1-8.
[6] He J J,Sun L Y,Gong H L,et al.The characteristics of rill development and their effects on runoff and sediment yield under different slope gradients[J].山地科学学报(英文),2016,13(3):397-404.
[7] Qian F,Cheng D,Ding W,et al.Hydraulic characteristics and sediment generation on slope erosion in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area,China[J].Journal of Hydrology&Hydromechanics,2016,64(3).237-245.
[8] Chen H,Yang J,Fu W,et al.Characteristics of slope runoff and sediment yield on karst hill-slope with different land-use types in northwest Guangxi[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(16):121-126.
[9]蒋荣,张兴奇,纪启芳,等.坡度和雨强对喀斯特地区坡面产流产沙的影响[J].环境保护科学,2012,38(5):13-17.
[10] He J J,Cai Q G,Liu S B.Effects of slope gradient on slope runoff and sediment yield under different single rainfall conditions.[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(5):1263-1268.
[11]代数,蒋光毅,夏清,等.坡度和雨强对重庆市黄壤旱坡地产流产沙特征的影响[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(4):1-5.
[12]彭旭东,戴全厚,李昌兰,等.模拟雨强和地下裂隙对喀斯特地区坡耕地养分流失的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(2):131-140.
[13]张汉雄.黄土高原的暴雨特性及其分布规律[J].地理学报,1983,38(4):416-425.
[14]黄俊,赵西宁,吴普特.基于通径分析和灰色关联理论的坡面产流产沙影响因子分析[J].工程科学与技术,2012,44(5):64-70.
[15]张洪江.土壤侵蚀原理[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000.
[16]周宁,李超,琚存勇,等.黑龙江省土壤可蚀性K值特征分析[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(10):182-189.
[17]孙龙,张光辉,王兵,等.黄土高原不同退耕年限刺槐林地土壤侵蚀阻力[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(10):191-197.
[18]王栋栋,王占礼,张庆玮,等.草地植被覆盖度坡度及雨强对坡面径流含沙量影响试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(15):119-125.
[19]肖继兵,孙占祥,刘志,等.降雨侵蚀因子和植被类型及覆盖度对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(22):159-166.
[20]常松果,胡雪琴,史东梅,等.不同土壤管理措施下坡耕地产流产沙和氮磷流失特征[J].水土保持学报,2016,30(5):34-40.
[21]李晓原,张文太,李建贵,等.伊犁河谷5种土壤管理措施减流减沙效果分析[J].中国水土保持科学,2017,15(3):51-57.
[22]刘青泉,陈力,李家春.坡度对坡面土壤侵蚀的影响分析[J].应用数学和力学,2001,22(5):449-457.
[23]牟信刚.护坡绿化基质筛选及其理化性质研究[D].山东泰安:山东农业大学,2008.
[24]张晓君,杨胜香,段纯,等.蘑菇渣作为改良剂对铅锌尾矿改良效果研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(3):526-531.
[25] Zhang B,Horn R.Mechanisms of aggregate stabilization in Ultisols from subtropical China[J].Geoderma,2001,99(1):123-145.
[26]员学锋,汪有科,吴普特,等.PAM对土壤物理性状影响的试验研究及机理分析[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(2):37-40.
[27]吕春娟,毕如田,陈卫国,等.土壤结构调理剂PAM对复垦铁尾矿砂物理性状的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(6):240-245.