台特玛湖植被变化特征
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摘要
利用遥感技术与实地调查数据,分析了台特玛湖漫溢区地表植物多样性、植被覆盖度变化特征,探讨了台特玛湖面积、植被覆盖度、湖水水质等指标与来水量间的关系,深入探讨了植被多样性变化的原因,主要结果为:(1)2001―2017年台特玛湖面积与塔里木河下泄水量、台特玛湖面积与车尔臣河径流量间的相关系数分别是0.72和0.67,台特玛湖面积受车尔臣河来水的影响,但更依赖于塔里木河生态输水.(2)台特玛湖湖水矿化度、Ka+、Na+、Mg2+、Cl-、SO24-离子浓度值与湖面积、塔里木河下泄水量呈负相关关系(相关系数分别为-0.639~-0.353、-0.645~-0.427).(3)台特玛湖周边地下水位随着生态输水的进行呈抬升趋势,随着生态输水的进行,台特玛湖漫溢区、地下水位抬升区植被覆盖度呈增加的趋势.从时间上来看,台特玛湖在输水初期(2000―2002年)植被覆盖度增加不明显,随着时间的推移植被覆盖度逐渐增大.从空间上来看,生态输水前10年(2001―2010年),植被盖度增加的区域主要发生在台特玛湖以北,后期特别是自2014年开始,台特玛湖以北植被盖度继续增加、以南的裸地开始出现植被.(4)2001年漫溢区植被多样性Simpson指数、Shannon-Whiere指数值仅为0.07和0.12,在生态输水作用下,土壤水盐条件得到改善,植物多样性指数逐渐增加,2005年以上两个指数值分别达到了0.79和1.67;但随着生态输水的持续进行,植物多样性又呈下降趋势.2011―2017年,芦苇(Phragmites australis)成为漫溢区的优势种,该时期内植物多样性水平一直较低.
Using remote sensing and field survey data,this paper analyzed the variation characteristics of plant diversity in the lakeshore and the vegetation coverage of the Taitema lake zone,discussed the relationship between each index of Taitema lake(i.e.groundwater level,water quality in the lake,plant diversity,etc.)and the water amount flowing into Taitema lake,and the reasons for the change of vegetation diversity were discussed in depth.Main results are as follows:(1)In 2000-2017,the correlation coefficients between Taitema lake area and Tarim river discharge,Taitema lake area and Cherchen river runoff were 0.72and 0.67,respectively;Taitema lake area is affected by incoming water from Cherchen river,but it is more dependent on ecological water transported from Tarim river.(2)The salinity,concentrations of,Mg2+,,andTaitema lake were negatively correlated with the lake area and the water released from Daxihaizi reservoir(the correlation coefficients were-0.639--0.353,-0.645--0.427,respectively).(3)With the progress of ecological water transport,the underground water level around Taitema lake shows a trend of uplift.In terms of time,vegetation coverage of Taitema lake did not increase significantly in the early stage of water transmission(2000-2002),but gradually increased as times goes on.In terms of space,in the first 10 years of ecological water transport(2001-2010),vegetation coverage increased mainly occurred in the north of the study area;in the later period,especially since 2014,vegetation coverage continued to increase in the north of Taitema lake,in the bare land south of the study area,vegetation began to appear.(4)In2001 the vegetation diversity indexes(Simpson and Shannon-whiere)were only 0.07 and 0.12,but under the effect on the water transport,the soil water and salt conditions were changed,and the plant diversity index gradually increased with the passage of time.By 2005,the above two indexes reached to 0.79 and1.67 respectively;but as the time goes on,plant diversity declined.From 2011 to 2017,Phragmites australis becomed the dominant species at the shoreline,during this period the Simpson and Shannon-whiere indexes remained at a low level.
Using remote sensing and field survey data,this paper analyzed the variation characteristics of plant diversity in the lakeshore and the vegetation coverage of the Taitema lake zone,discussed the relationship between each index of Taitema lake(i.e.groundwater level,water quality in the lake,plant diversity,etc.)and the water amount flowing into Taitema lake,and the reasons for the change of vegetation diversity were discussed in depth.Main results are as follows:(1)In 2000-2017,the correlation coefficients between Taitema lake area and Tarim river discharge,Taitema lake area and Cherchen river runoff were 0.72and 0.67,respectively;Taitema lake area is affected by incoming water from Cherchen river,but it is more dependent on ecological water transported from Tarim river.(2)The salinity,concentrations of,Mg2+,,andTaitema lake were negatively correlated with the lake area and the water released from Daxihaizi reservoir(the correlation coefficients were-0.639--0.353,-0.645--0.427,respectively).(3)With the progress of ecological water transport,the underground water level around Taitema lake shows a trend of uplift.In terms of time,vegetation coverage of Taitema lake did not increase significantly in the early stage of water transmission(2000-2002),but gradually increased as times goes on.In terms of space,in the first 10 years of ecological water transport(2001-2010),vegetation coverage increased mainly occurred in the north of the study area;in the later period,especially since 2014,vegetation coverage continued to increase in the north of Taitema lake,in the bare land south of the study area,vegetation began to appear.(4)In2001 the vegetation diversity indexes(Simpson and Shannon-whiere)were only 0.07 and 0.12,but under the effect on the water transport,the soil water and salt conditions were changed,and the plant diversity index gradually increased with the passage of time.By 2005,the above two indexes reached to 0.79 and1.67 respectively;but as the time goes on,plant diversity declined.From 2011 to 2017,Phragmites australis becomed the dominant species at the shoreline,during this period the Simpson and Shannon-whiere indexes remained at a low level.
引文
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[12]樊自立,徐海量,张鹏,等.新疆车尔臣河及其水资源利用研究[J].干旱区研究,2014,31(1):20-26.
[13]Xu H L,Ye M,Song Y D.The dynamic variation of water resources and its tendency in the Tarim river basin[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2005,15(4):467-474.
[14]李吉玫.塔里木河下游土壤种子库特征及种子库种子萌发的需水规律[D].乌鲁木齐:中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,2009.
[15]段峥嵘,祖拜代·木依布拉,夏建新.新疆阿克苏地区潜在蒸散量时空演变及驱动因素[J].新疆大学学报(自然科学版),2018,35(4):493-501+512.
[2]樊自立,艾里西尔·库尔班.塔里木河的变迁与罗布泊的演化[J].第四纪研究,2009,29(2):232-240.
[3]Bazzaz F A.Plant species diversity in old-field successional ecosystems in southern Illinois[J].Ecology,1975,56:485-488.
[4]Johnston S.The convention on biological diversity:Ten years on and the strategic plan[J].Journal of International Wildlife Law&Policy,2001,4(2):147-158.
[5]石胜友,杨季冬,王周平.缙云山风灾迹地人工混交林生态恢复过程中物种多样性研究[J].生物多样性,2002,10(3):274-279.
[6]徐炜,马志远,井新,等.生物多样性与生态系统多功能性:进展与展望[J].生物多样性,2016,24(1):55-71.
[7]阿布都米吉提·阿布力克木.塔里木河下游湖泊格局时空演变[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆师范大学,2015.
[8]Xu H L,Ye M,Song Y D.Relationship between climate changes and annual runoff of headstreams of Tarim River[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2007,27(2):219-224.
[9]孙儒泳,李博,诸葛阳.普通生态学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,1993.
[10]Bakelaar R G,Odum E P.Community and population level responses to fertilization in an old-field ecosystem[J].Ecology,1978,59:660-665.
[11]宋郁东,樊自立,雷志栋.中国塔里木河水资源与生态问题研究[M].乌鲁木齐:新疆人民出版社,2000.
[12]樊自立,徐海量,张鹏,等.新疆车尔臣河及其水资源利用研究[J].干旱区研究,2014,31(1):20-26.
[13]Xu H L,Ye M,Song Y D.The dynamic variation of water resources and its tendency in the Tarim river basin[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2005,15(4):467-474.
[14]李吉玫.塔里木河下游土壤种子库特征及种子库种子萌发的需水规律[D].乌鲁木齐:中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,2009.
[15]段峥嵘,祖拜代·木依布拉,夏建新.新疆阿克苏地区潜在蒸散量时空演变及驱动因素[J].新疆大学学报(自然科学版),2018,35(4):493-501+512.