不同肥力潮土硝化潜势及其影响因素
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摘要
依托河南郑州潮土长期定位施肥试验,探索不同肥力土壤的硝化潜势(NP)及其主要影响因素。采集高肥力土壤(有机无机肥配施)、中肥力土壤(化肥平衡施用)和低肥力土壤(不施肥或不施氮肥),分析土壤NP、全氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)和微生物生物量氮(MBN),并通过逐步回归、路径分析和方差分解分析(VDA)等统计分析方法,明确不同肥力潮土NP的主要影响因素,量化各主效应因子对NP的贡献率。结果表明:潮土NP为0.3～1.1 mg·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),在不同肥力梯度土壤中差异显著(P<0.05),其中高肥力较中肥力平均提高7.9%;中肥力较低肥力平均提高162.5%。在各项土壤指标中,MBC、NO_3~--N、TN、MBN是土壤NP变化的主要影响因素,其中,MBC、NO_3~--N和MBN与NP为直接效应,TN与NP为间接效应大于直接效应,微生物生物量碳、氮(MBC和MBN)、NO_3~--N和TN对NP变异的贡献率分别为24.3%、18.9%和13.7%,而4个主效应因子交互作用对硝化潜势变异的贡献率达52.8%,各变量及其交互作用对硝化潜势变异的总贡献率达92.9%。可见,高肥力土壤上硝化作用较强,铵态氮很容易被硝化成为硝态氮,硝态氮累积和淋洗的可能性较大,应通过改善水肥条件适当降低其土壤硝化强度,进而达到构建氮素养分库和减少氮素损失的目的。
【Objective】soil nitrification potential(NP) and its main influencing factors in fluvoaquic soils were studied based on a long-term fluvo-aquic soil fertilization experiment in Zhengzhou,Henan Province. 【Method】Three tracts of farmlands of fluvo-aquic soil different in fertility level, i.e.High(applied with chemical fertility plus organic manure); Moderate( applied with balanced chemical fertilizers); and Low(applied with no fertilizer or no N fertilizer), were selected for soil sampling for analysis of total N(TN), ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N), nitrate nitrogen(NO_3~--N), microbial biomass C(MBC) and microbial biomass N(MBN). And stepwise regression analysis, path analysis and variance decomposition analysis(VDA) were performed to define main influencing factors in fluvo-aquic soil relative to soil fertility and quantify contribution of each factor to NP. 【Result】Results show that NP in the fluvo-aquic soils varied in the range of 0.3～1.1 mg·kg~(-1) h~(-1), and differed significantly between the soils.It was 7.9% higher in the soil high in fertility than in the soil moderate in fertility, and 162.5% higher in the soil moderate in fertility than in the soil low in fertility. Among all the soil fertility indices, MBC, NO_3~--N,TN and MBN were found to be the main influencing factors of soil NP. MBC, NO_3~--N and MBN affected NP directly, while TN did more indirectly. The contribution rate of microbial biomass(MBC and MBN), NO_3~--N and TN to NP variation is worked out to be 24.3%, 18.9% and 13.7%, respectively. The contribution of four main influencing factors' interaction effects to the variation of soil nitrification potential has reached to52.8%, while the total contribution of each variant and its interaction effects amounted to 92.9%. Therefore,it can be concluded that nitrification is much stronger in soils of high fertility than in soils low and moderate in fertility. 【Conclusion】As result of strong nitrification, ammonium nitrogen is nitrified into nitrate nitrogen, which is readily accumulated and/or leached. It is, therefore, essential to regulate soil water and nutrient regimes to a proper level so as to reduce soil nitrification intensity and eventually achieve the target of constructing a nitrogen nutrient pool and reducing nitrogen loss in fluvo-aquic soils.
【Objective】soil nitrification potential(NP) and its main influencing factors in fluvoaquic soils were studied based on a long-term fluvo-aquic soil fertilization experiment in Zhengzhou,Henan Province. 【Method】Three tracts of farmlands of fluvo-aquic soil different in fertility level, i.e.High(applied with chemical fertility plus organic manure); Moderate( applied with balanced chemical fertilizers); and Low(applied with no fertilizer or no N fertilizer), were selected for soil sampling for analysis of total N(TN), ammonium nitrogen(NH_4~+-N), nitrate nitrogen(NO_3~--N), microbial biomass C(MBC) and microbial biomass N(MBN). And stepwise regression analysis, path analysis and variance decomposition analysis(VDA) were performed to define main influencing factors in fluvo-aquic soil relative to soil fertility and quantify contribution of each factor to NP. 【Result】Results show that NP in the fluvo-aquic soils varied in the range of 0.3～1.1 mg·kg~(-1) h~(-1), and differed significantly between the soils.It was 7.9% higher in the soil high in fertility than in the soil moderate in fertility, and 162.5% higher in the soil moderate in fertility than in the soil low in fertility. Among all the soil fertility indices, MBC, NO_3~--N,TN and MBN were found to be the main influencing factors of soil NP. MBC, NO_3~--N and MBN affected NP directly, while TN did more indirectly. The contribution rate of microbial biomass(MBC and MBN), NO_3~--N and TN to NP variation is worked out to be 24.3%, 18.9% and 13.7%, respectively. The contribution of four main influencing factors' interaction effects to the variation of soil nitrification potential has reached to52.8%, while the total contribution of each variant and its interaction effects amounted to 92.9%. Therefore,it can be concluded that nitrification is much stronger in soils of high fertility than in soils low and moderate in fertility. 【Conclusion】As result of strong nitrification, ammonium nitrogen is nitrified into nitrate nitrogen, which is readily accumulated and/or leached. It is, therefore, essential to regulate soil water and nutrient regimes to a proper level so as to reduce soil nitrification intensity and eventually achieve the target of constructing a nitrogen nutrient pool and reducing nitrogen loss in fluvo-aquic soils.
引文
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[2]秦子娴,张宇亭,周志峰,等.长期施肥对中性紫色水稻土氮素矿化和硝化作用的影响.中国农业科学,2013,46(16):3392-3400Qin Z X,Zhang Y T,Zhou Z F,et al.Characteristics of mineralization and nitrification in neutral purple paddy soil from a long-term fertilization experiment(In Chinese).Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2013,46(16):3392-3400
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[8]张苗苗,王伯仁,李冬初,等.长期施加氮肥及氧化钙调节对酸性土壤硝化作用及氨氧化微生物的影响.生态学报,2015,35(19):6362-6370Zhang M M,Wang B R,Li D C,et al.Effects of long-term N fertilizers application and liming on nitrification and ammonia oxidizers in acidic soils(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(19):6362-6370
[9]贺纪正,张丽梅.土壤氮素转化的关键微生物过程及机制.微生物学通报,2013,40(1):98-108He J Z,Zhang L M.Key processes and microbial mechanisms of soil nitrogen transformation(I n Chinese).Microbiology,2013,40(1):98-108
[10]刘义,陈劲松,尹华军,等.川西亚高山针叶林土壤硝化作用及其影响因素.应用与环境生物学报.2006,12(4):500-505Liu Y,Chen J S,Yin H J,et al.Nitrification and impact factors of subalpine coniferous forest soil in western Sichuan,China(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied and Environmental Biology,2006,12(4):500-505
[11]Chu H Y,Fjii T,Morimoto S,et al.Community structure of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria under long-term applicat ion of mineral f e r t i l izer and organic manure in a sandy loam soil.Applied and Environmental Microbiology,2007,73(2):485-491
[12]Ai C,Liang G Q,Sun J W,et al.Different roles of rhizosphere effect and long-term fertilization in the activity and community structure of ammoniaoxidizers in a calcareous fluvo-aquic soil.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2013,57(3):30-42
[13]Verchot L V,Groffman P M,Frank D A.Landscape versus ungulate control of gross mineralization and gross nitrification in semi-arid grasslands of Yellowstone National Park.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2002,34(11):1691-1699
[14]Said-Pullicino D,Cucu M A,Sodano M,et al.Nitrogen immobilization in paddy soils as affected by redox conditions and rice straw incorporation.Geoderma,2014,228/229(1):44-53
[15]李平,郎漫,李倩文,等.不同施肥处理对黑土硝化作用和矿化作用的影响.农业环境科学学报,2015,34(7):1326-1332Li P,Lang M,Li Q W,et al.Effects of different fertilization on nitrification and mineralization in black soil(In Chinese).Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(7):1326-1332
[16]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社,2008Bao S D.Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2008
[17]吴金水,林启美,黄巧云,等.土壤微生物生物量测定方法及其应用.北京:气象出版社,2006:71-74Wu J S,Lin Q M,Huang Q Y,et al.Soil microbial biomass measurement method and its application(In Chinese).Beijing:China Meteorological Press,2006:71-74
[18]杨凯,朱教君,张金鑫,等.不同林龄落叶松人工林土壤微生物生物量碳氮的季节变化.生态学报:2009,29(10):5500-5507Yang K,Zhu J J,Zhang J X,et al.Seasonal dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and N in two larch plantation forests with different ages in Northeastern China(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(10):5500-5507
[19]Silva J A,Bremner J M.Determination and isotoperatio analysis of different forms of nitrogen in soils:5.Fixed ammonium.Soil Science Society of America Proceedings,1966,30(5):587-594
[20]Kurola J,Salkinoja-Salonen M,Aarnio T,et al.Acitivity,diversity and population size of ammoniaoxidising bacteria in oil-contaminated land farming soil.FEMS Microbiology Letters,2005,250(1):33-38
[21]张水清,黄绍敏,郭斗斗.主成分分析在潮土土壤肥力评价中的应用.河南农业科学,2011,40(4):82-86Zhang S Q,Huang S M,Guo D D.Evaluation of fluvo-aquic soil fertility quality with the method of principal component analyses(In Chinese).Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences,2011,40(4):82-86
[22]魏猛.潮土有机碳库及肥力特性对长期施肥的响应.山东泰安:山东农业大学,2017Wei M.Response of soil organic carbon pools and fertility characteristics to long-term fertilization in fluvo-aquic soil(In Chinese).Tai’an,Shandong:Shandong Agricultural University,2017
[23]Walker S M,Desanker P V.The impact of land use on soil carbon in Miombo Woodlands of Malawi.Forest Ecology and Management,2004,203(1/3):345-360
[24]Lovell R D,Jarvis S C,Bardgett R D.Soil microbial biomass and activity in long-term grassland:Effects of management changes.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,1995,27(7):969-975
[25]龚伟,颜晓元,王景燕.长期施肥对土壤肥力的影响.土壤,2011,43(3):336-342Gong W,Yan X Y,Wang J Y.Effect of long-term fertilization on soil fertility(In Chinese).Soils,2011,43(3):336-342
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