江西省生产建设项目弃土弃渣土壤侵蚀定量研究
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摘要
[目的]对江西省生产建设项目弃土弃渣土壤侵蚀状况进行研究,为定量研究该区自然降雨条件下弃土弃渣土壤侵蚀规律和生产建设项目土壤侵蚀预测提供科学依据。[方法]采用基于K均值分类法,将研究区降雨划分为A(极大雨量、较长降雨历时、中雨强、低频次)、B(中雨量、中等降雨历时、小雨强、高频次)、C(大雨量、长降雨历时、大雨强、低频次)、D(中雨量、短降雨历时、极大雨强、高频次)4种类型,并依托江西省德安县国家水土保持生态科技园内的8种弃土弃渣径流试验小区,开展弃土弃渣土壤侵蚀定量研究。[结果]通过1 a内43场侵蚀降雨小区观测,结果表明:①A,D雨型是导致弃土弃渣产流输沙的主要类型,B雨型影响最小,C雨型则介于A,D雨型之间。②红砂岩红壤(HSY),第四纪红黏土(SJHT),紫色土(ZSYY),煤矸石(MGS),房渣土(FZT),其产流输沙间呈显著相关性;稀土尾矿(XYWK),花岗岩红壤(HGY),电厂灰渣(DCHZ),则不具有显著的水沙关系;③不同弃土弃渣次降雨产沙量以大雨量以上雨型占比最高,均60%以上,最高达97%以上。[结论]建议生产实践中预测或监测裸露弃土弃渣时,宜根据实际需求选取不同类型降雨开展,最主要预测或观测50 mm以上大雨量侵蚀量,以提高预测准确度,大幅减少监测成本,提高监测效率。
[Objective] The main objective of this paper is to quantitatively study soil erosion status of waste residue(such as spoil and slag) from production and construction project under natural rainfall conditions, and provide reference for soil erosion prediction in Jiangxi Province. [Methods] Based on K-means method, the local rainfall was classified into four types: A(maximum rainfall, long rainfall duration, moderate rain intensity, low frequency), B(medium rainfall, medium rainfall duration, light rain intensity, high frequency), C(large rainfall, long rainfall duration, heavy rain intensity, low frequency), and D(medium rainfall, short rainfall duration, extremely heavy rain intensity, high frequency medium rainfall). In addition, the 8 kinds of spoil ground runoff test plots were chosen to carry out quantitative research on soil erosion of spoil in the National Soil and Water Conservation Ecological Science and Technology Park of De'an County, Jiangxi Province. [Results] Through the observation of 43 erosive rainfall in 1 year, the results show that: ① The rainfall pattern of A and D are the main types, B has the least influence, and C falls in between A and D. ② There is significant correlation between runoff and sediment for red sandstone(HSY),stencil red clay(SJHT), purple soil(ZSYY), coal gangue(MGS), slag soil(FZT). ③ The rain pattern above large rainfall will lead to the highest sediment yield from the single abandoned waste residue. [Conclusion] When the bare abandoned soil and slag are predicted or monitored in production practice, different types of rainfall should be selected to carry out according to the actual demand, and the largest amount of large-scale rainfall over 50 mm is predicted or observed so as to improve the prediction accuracy and reduce the monitoring cost and improve the monitoring efficiency.
[Objective] The main objective of this paper is to quantitatively study soil erosion status of waste residue(such as spoil and slag) from production and construction project under natural rainfall conditions, and provide reference for soil erosion prediction in Jiangxi Province. [Methods] Based on K-means method, the local rainfall was classified into four types: A(maximum rainfall, long rainfall duration, moderate rain intensity, low frequency), B(medium rainfall, medium rainfall duration, light rain intensity, high frequency), C(large rainfall, long rainfall duration, heavy rain intensity, low frequency), and D(medium rainfall, short rainfall duration, extremely heavy rain intensity, high frequency medium rainfall). In addition, the 8 kinds of spoil ground runoff test plots were chosen to carry out quantitative research on soil erosion of spoil in the National Soil and Water Conservation Ecological Science and Technology Park of De'an County, Jiangxi Province. [Results] Through the observation of 43 erosive rainfall in 1 year, the results show that: ① The rainfall pattern of A and D are the main types, B has the least influence, and C falls in between A and D. ② There is significant correlation between runoff and sediment for red sandstone(HSY),stencil red clay(SJHT), purple soil(ZSYY), coal gangue(MGS), slag soil(FZT). ③ The rain pattern above large rainfall will lead to the highest sediment yield from the single abandoned waste residue. [Conclusion] When the bare abandoned soil and slag are predicted or monitored in production practice, different types of rainfall should be selected to carry out according to the actual demand, and the largest amount of large-scale rainfall over 50 mm is predicted or observed so as to improve the prediction accuracy and reduce the monitoring cost and improve the monitoring efficiency.
引文
[1] 马春艳,王占礼,寇晓梅,等.工程建设弃土弃渣水土流失过程试验研究[J].水土保持通报,2009,29(3):78-82.
[2] 杨波,王文龙,郭明明,等.模拟降雨条件下弃渣体边坡不同防护措施的减水减沙效益[J].土壤学报,2017,54(6):1357-1368.
[3] 王文龙,李占斌,李鹏,等.神府东胜煤田开发建设弃土弃渣冲刷试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(5):68-71.
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[8] 丁文斌,史东梅,何文健,等.放水冲刷条件下工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀水动力学特性[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(18):153-161.
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[15] 秦伟,左长清,晏清洪,等.红壤裸露坡地次降雨土壤侵蚀规律[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(2):124-132.
[16] 秦伟,左长清,郑海金,等.赣北红壤坡地土壤流失方程关键因子的确定[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(21):115-125.
[17] 王万忠.黄土地区降雨特性与土壤流失关系的研究[J].水土保持通报,1984,8(2):58-63.
[18] 唐翔宇,杨浩,赵其国,等.红砂岩母质红壤侵蚀作用的137Cs法初步研究[J].水土保持研究,2002,9(1):121-125.
[19] 周桂香.稀土尾矿区桉树人工林土壤抗蚀性研究[D].江西南昌:江西农业大学,2012.
[20] Benhur M,Faris J,Malik M,et al.Polymers as soil conditioners under consecutive irrigations and rainfall[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2015,53(4):1173-1177.
[2] 杨波,王文龙,郭明明,等.模拟降雨条件下弃渣体边坡不同防护措施的减水减沙效益[J].土壤学报,2017,54(6):1357-1368.
[3] 王文龙,李占斌,李鹏,等.神府东胜煤田开发建设弃土弃渣冲刷试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2004,18(5):68-71.
[4] 刘菲,唐红梅.重庆库区工程弃渣泥石流形成机理[J].重庆交通大学学报:自然科学版:2010,29(4):620-623,640.
[5] 朱元骏,邵明安.不同碎石含量的土壤降雨入渗和产沙过程初步研究[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(2):64-67.
[6] Riley S J.Aspects of the differences in the erodibility of the waste rock dump and natural surfaces,Ranger Uranium Mine,Northern Territor,Australia[J].Applied Geography,1995,15(4):309-323.
[7] 郭明明,王文龙,李建明,等.神府矿区弃土弃渣体侵蚀特征及预测[J].土壤学报,2015,52(5):1044-1057.
[8] 丁文斌,史东梅,何文健,等.放水冲刷条件下工程堆积体边坡径流侵蚀水动力学特性[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(18):153-161.
[9] 张乐涛,高照良,田红卫.工程堆积体陡坡坡面土壤侵蚀水动力学过程[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(24):94-102.
[10] 张黎明,林金石,于东升,等.南方不同类型土壤侵蚀量与降雨各因子的关系研究[J].水土保持通报,2011,31(2):10-14.
[11] 王改玲,王青杵,石生新.晋北黄土区降雨特征及其对坡地土壤侵蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(1):1-5.
[12] 韩勇.侵蚀性降雨雨型对黄土区浅沟坡面侵蚀特征的影响[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2016.
[13] Shen Haiou,Zheng Fenli,Wen Leilei,et al.Impacts of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on rill erosion processes at loessial hillslope[J].Soil & Tillage Research,2016,155:429-436.
[14] 陈绍宇.有关红壤裸露坡地次降雨土壤侵蚀规模的探究[J].资源节约与环保,2016,27(5):173.
[15] 秦伟,左长清,晏清洪,等.红壤裸露坡地次降雨土壤侵蚀规律[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(2):124-132.
[16] 秦伟,左长清,郑海金,等.赣北红壤坡地土壤流失方程关键因子的确定[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(21):115-125.
[17] 王万忠.黄土地区降雨特性与土壤流失关系的研究[J].水土保持通报,1984,8(2):58-63.
[18] 唐翔宇,杨浩,赵其国,等.红砂岩母质红壤侵蚀作用的137Cs法初步研究[J].水土保持研究,2002,9(1):121-125.
[19] 周桂香.稀土尾矿区桉树人工林土壤抗蚀性研究[D].江西南昌:江西农业大学,2012.
[20] Benhur M,Faris J,Malik M,et al.Polymers as soil conditioners under consecutive irrigations and rainfall[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2015,53(4):1173-1177.