祁连山张掖段水电开发对区域生态环境的影响
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摘要
2017年7月26日—8月13日,通过实地调研、样方调查、河水和土壤样品分析等方法,评估了祁连山张掖段水电站建设时间、占地面积、水电开发对水质、土壤及生态流量的影响。结果表明:祁连山自然保护区张掖段内水电站建设主要集中在2000—2008年;依据2017年统计数据计算26座水电站总占地面积为798.35 hm~2,占祁连山张掖段面积(188×10~4hm~2)的0.042%,水电工程占地面积较小;祁连山张掖段水电站建设区域内植被盖度、生物量比原生植被分别低27.14%和236.8 g·m~(-2);水电站建设区域内水质、土壤状况良好,水电开发对水质、土壤的影响较小; 2017年前祁连山张掖段水电开发导致生态水量下降并形成了156.76 km的减水河段。
From July 26 to August 13,2017,by the methods of on-the-spot investigation,plot survey,and the analysis of river water and soil samples,we assessed the impacts of construction time,site area of hydropower stations,and hydropower development on water quality,soil and ecological flow in Zhangye section of Qilian Mountains Nature Reserve. The results showed that the construction of hydropower stations was mainly concentrated from 2000 to 2008. The total area for 26 hydropower stations was 798.35 hm~2,accounting for 0.042% of total area in study region( 1.88 million hm~2),which indicated that hydropower projects covered a small area. The vegetation coverage and biomass in the construction areas of the hydropower stations were 27.14% and236.8 g·m~(-2) lower than those of the original vegetation,respectively. The water quality and soil of the areas around hydropower stations were in good conditions,indicating that the water and soil were seldom affected by hydropower development. The hydropower development had led to the decrease of ecological water quantity,causing a water-reduction river section with a length of156.76 km.
From July 26 to August 13,2017,by the methods of on-the-spot investigation,plot survey,and the analysis of river water and soil samples,we assessed the impacts of construction time,site area of hydropower stations,and hydropower development on water quality,soil and ecological flow in Zhangye section of Qilian Mountains Nature Reserve. The results showed that the construction of hydropower stations was mainly concentrated from 2000 to 2008. The total area for 26 hydropower stations was 798.35 hm~2,accounting for 0.042% of total area in study region( 1.88 million hm~2),which indicated that hydropower projects covered a small area. The vegetation coverage and biomass in the construction areas of the hydropower stations were 27.14% and236.8 g·m~(-2) lower than those of the original vegetation,respectively. The water quality and soil of the areas around hydropower stations were in good conditions,indicating that the water and soil were seldom affected by hydropower development. The hydropower development had led to the decrease of ecological water quantity,causing a water-reduction river section with a length of156.76 km.
引文
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张士杰,闫俊平,李国强.2014.流域梯级开发方案调整的水温累积影响研究.水利学报,45(11):1336-1344.
钟华平,刘恒,耿雷华.2008.怒江水电梯级开发的生态环境累积效应.水电能源科学,26(1):52-55/59.
Kaygusuz K.2004.Hydropower and the world’s energy future.Energy Sources,26:215-224.
Maingi JK,Marsh SE.2002.Quantifying hydrologic impacts following dam construction along the Tana River,Kenya.Journal of Arid Environments,50:53-79.
Mallik AU,Richardson JS.2009.Riparian vegetation change in upstream and downstream reaches of three temperate rivers dammed for hydroelectric generation in British Columbia,Canada.Ecological Engineering,35:810-819.
Merritt DM,Cooper DJ.2000.Riparian vegetation and channel change in response to river regulation:A comparative study of regulated and unregulated streams in the Green River Basin,USA.Regulated Rivers:Research&Management,16:543-564.
Newman BJ,Ladd P,Brundrett M,et al.2013.Effects of habitat fragmentation on plant reproductive success and population viability at the landscape and habitat scale.Biological Conservation,159:16-23.
Nilsson C,Brownr L,Jansson R,et al.2010.The role of hydrochory in structuring riparian and wetland vegetation.Biological Reviews,85:837-858.
程根伟,麻泽龙,范继辉,等.2004.西南江河梯级水电开发对河流水环境的影响及对策.中国科学院院刊,19(6):433-437.
邓伟琼,孙荣,李修明,等.2015.水电开发对河岸植被影响研究进展.生态科学,34(6):201-208.
侯天民,王定晖.2007.大通河流域水电资源开发对生态环境影响及管理对策.青海环境,17(4):164-166.
黄维东,牛最荣,马正耀,等.2013.大通河流域水能水资源开发对河流水文过程和环境的影响.冰川冻土,35(6):1573-1581.
霍静,崔玉洁,宋林旭,等.2018.三峡水库神农溪库湾水体季节性分层特性.生态学杂志,37(4).
李燕,李恒鹏.2008.太湖上游流域下垫面因素对面源污染物输出强度的影响.环境科学,29(5):1319-1324.
孙荣,袁兴中,刘红,等.2011.磨刀溪梯级水电开发对河岸植物群落的影响.水科学进展,22(4):561-567.
孙摇荣,袁兴中,刘摇红.2011.三峡水库消落带植物群落组成及物种多样性.生态学杂志,30(2):208-214.
吴娅,王雨春,胡明明.2015.三峡库区典型支流浮游细菌的生态分布及其影响因素.生态学杂志,34(4):1060-1065.
汪盾.2016.水电开发对金沙江下游生态环境的影响.湖北农业科学,55(11):2755-2758.
魏国良,张琨,徐海峰,等.2016.水电开发影响下河岸带植被结构和生物量分布.人民长江,47(4):10-15.
徐涛,魏国孝,李常斌,等.2009.梨园河梯级电站开发对流域生态环境的影响.冰川冻土,31(1):166-174.
薛联芳,顾洪宾,韦兵,等.2013.红水河干流水电梯级开发对水质累积影响调查研究.水力发电,39(4):9-12.
杨昆,邓熙,李学灵,等.2011.梯级开发对河流生态系统和景观影响研究进展.应用生态学报,22(5):1359-1367.
姚兴荣,丁宏伟,沈永平,等.2012.黑河干流拟建水利工程对下游生态环境的影响分析.冰川冻土,34(4):934-941.
张爱英,熊高明,樊大勇,等.2016.三峡水库运行对淹没区及消落带植物多样性的影响.生态学杂志,35(9):2505-518.
张士杰,闫俊平,李国强.2014.流域梯级开发方案调整的水温累积影响研究.水利学报,45(11):1336-1344.
钟华平,刘恒,耿雷华.2008.怒江水电梯级开发的生态环境累积效应.水电能源科学,26(1):52-55/59.
Kaygusuz K.2004.Hydropower and the world’s energy future.Energy Sources,26:215-224.
Maingi JK,Marsh SE.2002.Quantifying hydrologic impacts following dam construction along the Tana River,Kenya.Journal of Arid Environments,50:53-79.
Mallik AU,Richardson JS.2009.Riparian vegetation change in upstream and downstream reaches of three temperate rivers dammed for hydroelectric generation in British Columbia,Canada.Ecological Engineering,35:810-819.
Merritt DM,Cooper DJ.2000.Riparian vegetation and channel change in response to river regulation:A comparative study of regulated and unregulated streams in the Green River Basin,USA.Regulated Rivers:Research&Management,16:543-564.
Newman BJ,Ladd P,Brundrett M,et al.2013.Effects of habitat fragmentation on plant reproductive success and population viability at the landscape and habitat scale.Biological Conservation,159:16-23.
Nilsson C,Brownr L,Jansson R,et al.2010.The role of hydrochory in structuring riparian and wetland vegetation.Biological Reviews,85:837-858.