基于历史地图与遥感影像的近百年来长江荆江段河道演变
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摘要
基于实测的军事地形图和Landsat遥感影像,重建了20世纪30年代至2015年的近百年长江荆江段河道演变空间数据集,并以此为基础使用计盒维数法在ArcGIS 10.2平台上测算得出河道分形维数近百年来的变化过程。研究表明:荆江河道具有明显的分形特征,河道分维数值在1.074 7～1.049 1之间变动,平均值为1.061 3。近百年来荆江河道演变可以划分为2个阶段:20世纪30～50年代和1976～2015年,其分维均值分别为1.074 3和1.052 6。近百年来荆江河道处于逐渐趋于稳定的过程中。各时间断面下荆江的分维值都高于上荆江,下荆江的河流复杂程度大于上荆江,且荆江河道分维的变化主要取决于下荆江。近百年来荆江河道分维下降的原因主要是1949年后荆江河道大规模治理和人工截弯取直。
Based on the historical military topographic maps and Landsat TM/ETM + remote sensing images,the spatial data set of river course evolution in Jingjiang River section of the Yangtze River from 1930 s to 2015 reconstructed in this study. On this basis, the evolutionary process of river fractal dimension over the last 100 years calculated on ArcGIS 10.2 platform by using box counting dimension method. The results show that the Jingjiang River section of the Yangtze River has obvious fractal characteristics, and the river fractal dimension varies from 1.074 7 to 1.049 1 with an average of 1.061 3. The evolution of Jingjiang River section of the Yangtze River in the past 100 years can be divided into two stages: 1930 s-1950 s and 1976-2015, with the average fractal dimension of 1.074 3 and 1.052 6 respectively. In the past 100 years, Jingjiang River section of the Yangtze River has been in the process of gradually stabilizing. The fractal dimension and complexity of down Jingjiang River section over the past 100 years is higher than that of up Jingjiang River section in each time,and the change of fractal dimension of whole Jingjiang River section mainly depends on that of down Jingjiang River section. The main reasons for the decline of river fractal dimension in the past 100 years are the largescale governance of Jingjiang River section and river cut off projects after 1949.
Based on the historical military topographic maps and Landsat TM/ETM + remote sensing images,the spatial data set of river course evolution in Jingjiang River section of the Yangtze River from 1930 s to 2015 reconstructed in this study. On this basis, the evolutionary process of river fractal dimension over the last 100 years calculated on ArcGIS 10.2 platform by using box counting dimension method. The results show that the Jingjiang River section of the Yangtze River has obvious fractal characteristics, and the river fractal dimension varies from 1.074 7 to 1.049 1 with an average of 1.061 3. The evolution of Jingjiang River section of the Yangtze River in the past 100 years can be divided into two stages: 1930 s-1950 s and 1976-2015, with the average fractal dimension of 1.074 3 and 1.052 6 respectively. In the past 100 years, Jingjiang River section of the Yangtze River has been in the process of gradually stabilizing. The fractal dimension and complexity of down Jingjiang River section over the past 100 years is higher than that of up Jingjiang River section in each time,and the change of fractal dimension of whole Jingjiang River section mainly depends on that of down Jingjiang River section. The main reasons for the decline of river fractal dimension in the past 100 years are the largescale governance of Jingjiang River section and river cut off projects after 1949.
引文
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[29]江伟涛.基于地形图资料与GIS的民国江南城市人口估算[J].中国经济史研究, 2015(4):39-56.[Jiang Weitao. Research on urban population of Jiangnan in the Republic of China based on GIS and the data of topographic maps. Researches in Chinese Economic History,2015(4):39-56.]
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[32]万智巍,贾玉连,蒋梅鑫,等.民国时期江西省城市用地与城市化水平[J].地理学报, 2018, 73(3):550-561.[Wan Zhiwei,Jia Yulian, Jiang Meixin et al. Reconstruction of urban land use and urbanization level in Jiangxi Province during the Republic of China period. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(3):550-561.]
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[35]万智巍,连丽聪,贾玉连,等.近百年来鄱阳湖南部湿地景观生态格局演变[J].生态环境学报, 2018, 27(9):1682-1687.[Wan Zhiwei, Lian Licong, Jia Yulian et al. Landscape ecological pattern changes of wetland in south Poyang Lake in the past100 years. Ecology and Environment Sciences, 2018, 27(9):1682-1687.]
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[2]Goudie A S. Global warming and fluvial geomorphology[J].Geomorphology, 2006, 79(3):384-394.
[3]PAGES. Science plan and implementation strategy(IGBP Report No.57)[Z]. Stockholm:PAGES, 2009.
[4]张济忠.分形[M].北京:清华大学出版社, 1995.[Zhang Jizhong. Fractal. Beijing:Tsinghua University Press, 1995.]
[5]董宇,路秀琴.分流水道类型特征及意义[J].沉积学报, 1996,14(3):162-168.[Dong Yu, Lu Xiuqin. Types, characteristics and significance of distributary channel systems. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1996, 14(3):162-168.]
[6]张矿.长江河道形态的分形计算[J].人民长江, 1993, 24(7):49-51.[Zhang Kuang. Fractal calculation of the shape of the Yangtze River. Yangtze River, 1993, 24(7):49-51.]
[7]Mandelbrot B. How long is the coast of Britain? Statistical SelfSimilarity and Fractional Dimension[J]. Science, 1967, 156(3775):636-638.
[8]Labarbera P, Rosso R. On the fractal dimension of stream networks[J]. Water Resources Research, 1989, 25(4):735-741.
[9]Kirchner J W. Statistical inevitability of Horton's laws and the apparent randomness of stream channel networks[J]. Geology,1993, 21(7):591-594.
[10]屈忠义,杨晓,黄永江,等.基于Horton分形的河套灌区渠系水利用效率分析[J].农业工程学报, 2015, 31(13):120-127.[Qu Zhongyi, Yang Xiao, Huang Yongjiang et al. Analysis of efficiency of water utilization in canal-system in Hetao irrigation district based on Horton fractal. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2015, 31(13):120-127.]
[11]孙祝友,杜国云,朱大奎,等.莱州湾东岸河流的分形特征与流域地貌发育研究[J].地理科学, 2010, 16(5):755-759.[Sun Zhuyou, Du Guoyun, Zhu Dakui et al. Fractal features of rivers in eastern coast of laizhou bay and evolution of regional fluvial landform. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2010, 16(5):755-759.]
[12]马宗伟,许有鹏,钟善锦.水系分形特征对流域径流特性的影响——以赣江中上游流域为例[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009, 18(2):163-169.[Ma Zongwei, Xu Youpeng, Zhong Shanjin. Influence of river network fractal characteristic on runoff:Case study in the basin of upper and middle courses of Gan River. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2009, 18(2):163-169.]
[13]汪富泉,曹叔尤,丁晶.河流网络的分形与自组织及其物理机制[J].水科学进展, 2002, 13(3):368-376.[Wang Fuquan, Cao Shuyou, Ding Jing. Fractal, self-organization and its physical mechanism of river networks. Advances in Water Science,2002, 13(3):368-376.]
[14]苟娇娇,王飞,罗明良,等.基于DEM的黄土高原沟谷节点分形特征研究[J].水土保持学报, 2016, 30(3):109-114.[Gou Jiaojiao, Wang Fei, Luo Mingliang et al. Fractal characteristics of channel junctions based on DEM. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016, 30(3):109-114.]
[15]谢贤健,韦方强.泥石流频发区不同盖度草地土壤颗粒的分形特征[J].水土保持学报, 2011, 25(4):202-206.[Xie Xianjian, Wei Fangqiang. Characteristics of soil particle fractal dimension under different coverage grassland of the area with highfrequency debris flow. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2011, 25(4):202-206.]
[16]Bates P D, Horritt M, Hervouet J M. Investigating two dimensional finite element predictions of floodplain inundation using fractal generated topography[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2015,12(8):1257-1277.
[17]冯平,冯焱.河流形态特征的分维计算方法[J].地理学报,1997, 52(4):324-330.[Feng Ping, Feng Yan. Calculation on fractal dimension of river morphology. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1997, 52(4):324-330.]
[18]杨秀春,朱晓华.中国七大流域水系与洪涝的分维及其关系研究[J].灾害学, 2002, 17(3):9-13.[Yang Xiuchun, Zhu Xiaohua. Fractal analysis applied to the 7 drainage basins and the flood in China. Journal of Catastrophology, 2002, 17(3):9-13.]
[19]马宗伟,许有鹏,李嘉峻.河流形态的分维及与洪水关系的探讨——以长江中下游为例[J].水科学进展, 2005, 16(4):530-534.[Ma Zongwei, Xu Youpeng, Li Jiajun. River fractal dimension and the relationship between river fractal dimension and river flood:Case study in the middle and lower course of the Yangtze River. Advances in Water Science, 2005, 16(4):530-534.]
[20]王世俊,黄胜伟,王华,等.珠江河网分形机理研究[J].热带地理, 2007, 27(2):111-114.[Wang Shijun, Huang Shengwei,Wang Hua et al. Fractal mechanism of the Pearl River network.Tropical Geography, 2007, 27(2):111-114.]
[21]潘威.基于分形理论的1915~2000年渭河泾河口-潼关段河道演变研究[J].沉积学报, 2011, 29(5):946-952.[Pan Wei.Study on the morphology of Wei River Jing River EstuaryTongguan based on the fractal geometry, 1915-2000 A. D. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2011, 29(5):946-952.]
[22]王卫红,徐鹏,田世民.分形理论在河型研究中的应用探讨[J].泥沙研究, 2010, 35(2):35-42.[Wang Weihong, Xu Peng,Tian Shimin. Application of the fractal theory in the river pattern study. Journal of Sediment Research, 2010, 35(2):35-42.]
[23]任美锷.中国自然地理纲要[M].北京:商务印书馆, 1999.[Ren Meie. Outline of China physical geography. Beijing:Commercial Press, 1999.]
[24]荆州市长江河道管理局.荆江堤防志[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社, 2012.[Yangtze River Administration of Jingzhou City. Chronicles of Jingjiang dike. Beijing:China Water and Power Press, 2012.]
[25]段光磊,彭严波,肖虎程,等.长江荆江河段典型洲滩演变机理初探[J].水利水运工程学报, 2008, 30(2):10-15.[Duan Guanglei, Peng Yanbo, Xiao Hucheng et al. Preliminary probe into evolvement mechanism of typical shoals at Jingjiang reach of Yangtze River. Hydro-Science and Engineering, 2008, 30(2):10-15.]
[26]薛兴华,常胜.三峡水库运行后荆江段河湾平面形态演变特征[J].水力发电学报, 2017, 36(6):12-22.[Xue Xinghua,Chang Sheng. River bend planform evolution in Jingjiang reach of the Yangtze since Three Gorges Reservoir operation. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 2017, 36(6):12-22.]
[27]潘庆燊,卢金友.长江中游近期河道演变分析[J].人民长江,1999, 30(2):32-33.[Pan Qingshen, Lu Jinyou. Analysis of recent evolution of middle Yangtze River channel. Yangtze River,1999, 30(2):32-33.]
[28]陈黎,王远珩.建国前军用地形图整理概况[J].湖北档案,1999(4):31-32.[Chen Li, Wang Yuanheng. The profile of some military topographic map before 1949. Hubei Archives, 1999(4):31-32.]
[29]江伟涛.基于地形图资料与GIS的民国江南城市人口估算[J].中国经济史研究, 2015(4):39-56.[Jiang Weitao. Research on urban population of Jiangnan in the Republic of China based on GIS and the data of topographic maps. Researches in Chinese Economic History,2015(4):39-56.]
[30]胡明城.“驼峰航线”测图风云[J].中国测绘, 2007(1):52-65.[Hu Mingcheng. Hump route mapping. China Surveying and Mapping, 2007(1):52-65.]
[31]潘威,满志敏.大河三角洲历史河网密度格网化重建方法——以上海市青浦区1918~1978年为研究范围[J].中国历史地理论丛, 2010, 25(2):5-14.[Pan Wei, Man Zhimin. The grid methods of drainage density data reconstruction in big river delta:Based on the case of Qingpu, Shanghai, 1918-1978. Journal of Chinese Historical Geography,2010, 25(2):5-14.]
[32]万智巍,贾玉连,蒋梅鑫,等.民国时期江西省城市用地与城市化水平[J].地理学报, 2018, 73(3):550-561.[Wan Zhiwei,Jia Yulian, Jiang Meixin et al. Reconstruction of urban land use and urbanization level in Jiangxi Province during the Republic of China period. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2018, 73(3):550-561.]
[33]Cohen W B, Goward S N. Landsat's role in ecological applications of remote sensing[J]. Bioscience, 2004, 54(6):535-545.
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