基于GIS的明清蜀地风水塔人文景观营建研究
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摘要
明清以降,伴随着科举制度的发展以及堪舆学说在民间的盛行,塔这一建筑类型在中国尤其中国南方地区因风水之名广泛营建.随着其营建活动的世俗化、地方化、民间化,风水塔逐渐成为地方城市的人文景观的核心要素之一,在地方城市山水环境的人文景观塑造中起到重要的点睛的作用.本文以四川省可查风水塔为研究对象,结合GIS工具与传统的历史文献、考古、实物形制相结合的研究方法,定量定性相结合研究风水塔建筑单体形制特征、空间分布与环境选址特征、人文景观意象、意义与空间策略等,进而总结风水塔作为人文景观的营建规律,以资当代城市与风景建设.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the development of imperial examination system and the theory of geomancy, the construction of pagodas became popular in South China. With the secularization and localization, Feng Shui pagodas has become one of the core elements of the traditional landscape of the city, which plays an important role in the local city. This paper takes Feng Shui pagodas in Sichuan province as the research objects, and adopts the method of quantitative analysis and qualitative statistics to study building monomer shape features, environment selection and artistic conception.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the development of imperial examination system and the theory of geomancy, the construction of pagodas became popular in South China. With the secularization and localization, Feng Shui pagodas has become one of the core elements of the traditional landscape of the city, which plays an important role in the local city. This paper takes Feng Shui pagodas in Sichuan province as the research objects, and adopts the method of quantitative analysis and qualitative statistics to study building monomer shape features, environment selection and artistic conception.
引文
[1] 袁琳,刘功雪,王瑶.基于GIS分析的粤、赣风水塔的选址布局及时空分布特征初探[J].华中建筑,2017,35(4):130-133.YUAN Lin,LIU Gongxue,WANG Yao.A preliminary study on the location layout and spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of Guangdong and Jiangxi Fengshui Pagodas based on GIS analysis[ J] .Central China Construction,2017,35(4):130-133.
[2] 袁琳,姜金明,袁琳.基于GIS分析湘鄂风水塔空间分布与演进规律初探[J].华中建筑,2017,35(4):130-133.YUAN Lin,JIANG Jinming,YUAN Lin.Analysis of the spatial distribution and evolution of Hunan and Hubei Fengshui Pagodas based on GIS[ J] .Central China Construction,2017,35(4):130-133.
[3] 国家文物局主编.中国文物地图集——四川分册[M].北京:文物出版社.2009Chief of the State Administration of Cultural Relics.Atlas of Chinese cultural relics-Sichuan volume[M] .Beijing:Heritage Publishing House.2009
[4] 张驭寰.中国古塔[J].自然杂志,1984(1):37-38,33.ZHANG Yuhuan.Chinese Ancient Pagodas[ J] .Nature Magazine,1984(1):37-38,33.
[5] 四川省政府网站http://www.sc.gov.cn/10462/index_wza.shtmlSichuanProvincial Government Website http://www.sc.gov.cn/10462/index_wza.shtml.
[6] 四川省地方志编纂委员会.四川历代方志集成[M].北京:国家图书馆出版社.2015Sichuan Provincial Local Records Compilation Committee.Sichuan chronicles integration[M] .Beijing:National Library Press.2015
[7] 清.吴省钦.白华诗钞.清刻本.Qing Dynasty.WU Provincechin.Baihua Poetry Banknote.Qing Dynasty Engraved Edition.
数据来源于《中国文物地图集——四川分册》;塔高数值四舍五入;因表中存在同名风水塔,为方便进行统计数据以及分析,下文以序号+名称的方式指代风水塔.
神坝塔建于我国西南最大水库升钟湖淹没区,在丰水期淹没于水中,在枯水期才展露水面.因此其地理位置难以准确定位.
2001年3月,回澜塔因修建紫坪铺水利枢纽工程而搬迁它处.
i其一为广安市文笔星塔:《广安州志》有载:文庙对山鹤岭上,宋安丙建有塔,矗立如笔,旧名“文笔星”.南宋资政殿大学士主持建造(文人士大夫)、外形和命名有“文笔”的附会,所以建造的过程都充满了祈文运的意味.但塔的形制仍沿袭了佛塔的常用元素:平面四方形、密檐,并有“舍利”、“佛牙”的镌刻,此宋塔能看出塔的功能从佛教向祈文运的过渡;其二为宜宾旧州塔:方形十三级密檐式砖塔.在形制上是典型的佛塔,具有所谓的缅甸塔风格,但后世逐渐形成了宜宾三塔之一,成为宜宾市重要地标,位于旧州大坝上,有水口塔的意味,也具有点缀风景的功能.
ii神坝塔建于我国西南最大水库升钟湖淹没区,在丰水期淹没于水中,在枯水期才展露水面.因此其地理位置难以准确定位.
iii 2001年3月,回澜塔因修建紫坪铺水利枢纽工程而搬迁它处.
[2] 袁琳,姜金明,袁琳.基于GIS分析湘鄂风水塔空间分布与演进规律初探[J].华中建筑,2017,35(4):130-133.YUAN Lin,JIANG Jinming,YUAN Lin.Analysis of the spatial distribution and evolution of Hunan and Hubei Fengshui Pagodas based on GIS[ J] .Central China Construction,2017,35(4):130-133.
[3] 国家文物局主编.中国文物地图集——四川分册[M].北京:文物出版社.2009Chief of the State Administration of Cultural Relics.Atlas of Chinese cultural relics-Sichuan volume[M] .Beijing:Heritage Publishing House.2009
[4] 张驭寰.中国古塔[J].自然杂志,1984(1):37-38,33.ZHANG Yuhuan.Chinese Ancient Pagodas[ J] .Nature Magazine,1984(1):37-38,33.
[5] 四川省政府网站http://www.sc.gov.cn/10462/index_wza.shtmlSichuanProvincial Government Website http://www.sc.gov.cn/10462/index_wza.shtml.
[6] 四川省地方志编纂委员会.四川历代方志集成[M].北京:国家图书馆出版社.2015Sichuan Provincial Local Records Compilation Committee.Sichuan chronicles integration[M] .Beijing:National Library Press.2015
[7] 清.吴省钦.白华诗钞.清刻本.Qing Dynasty.WU Provincechin.Baihua Poetry Banknote.Qing Dynasty Engraved Edition.
数据来源于《中国文物地图集——四川分册》;塔高数值四舍五入;因表中存在同名风水塔,为方便进行统计数据以及分析,下文以序号+名称的方式指代风水塔.
神坝塔建于我国西南最大水库升钟湖淹没区,在丰水期淹没于水中,在枯水期才展露水面.因此其地理位置难以准确定位.
2001年3月,回澜塔因修建紫坪铺水利枢纽工程而搬迁它处.
i其一为广安市文笔星塔:《广安州志》有载:文庙对山鹤岭上,宋安丙建有塔,矗立如笔,旧名“文笔星”.南宋资政殿大学士主持建造(文人士大夫)、外形和命名有“文笔”的附会,所以建造的过程都充满了祈文运的意味.但塔的形制仍沿袭了佛塔的常用元素:平面四方形、密檐,并有“舍利”、“佛牙”的镌刻,此宋塔能看出塔的功能从佛教向祈文运的过渡;其二为宜宾旧州塔:方形十三级密檐式砖塔.在形制上是典型的佛塔,具有所谓的缅甸塔风格,但后世逐渐形成了宜宾三塔之一,成为宜宾市重要地标,位于旧州大坝上,有水口塔的意味,也具有点缀风景的功能.
ii神坝塔建于我国西南最大水库升钟湖淹没区,在丰水期淹没于水中,在枯水期才展露水面.因此其地理位置难以准确定位.
iii 2001年3月,回澜塔因修建紫坪铺水利枢纽工程而搬迁它处.