新一轮农地确权对农户生计策略选择的影响——以苹果种植户为例
|
摘要
土地是专业化农户最重要的生计资本,而地权不稳定抑制农地租赁市场培育,不利于刺激生产性投资,从而影响农户生计策略选择。因此,本文利用陕西和山东等2省6县762户专业化苹果种植户的调查数据,实证检验新一轮农地确权改革对农户生计策略选择的影响机制。研究发现:农地确权颁证提高农业经营收入,降低非农工资性收入,促使农户生计策略倾向于农业型。与未确权户相比,确权户选择农业型生计策略的概率显著提高55.58%。在影响机制上,一方面,农地确权颁证通过扩大土地经营规模,促进农业型生计策略选择的提升;另一方面,农地确权颁证通过显著改善农地可交易性和地权稳定性预期,激励生产性投资,从而引导农户选择农业型生计策略。根据上述研究结果,可得如下研究结论:改善农业经营者生计可持续性的关键在于改善农户土地要素可得性,鼓励农业长期投资,提高农业经营收入,而这依赖于以农地确权颁证为主要措施的农地产权制度改革。
Land is the most important livelihood capital for professional farmers, and tenure insecurity can restrain the development of farmland rental markets and reduce the incentives for investing in agricultural production, which affect the choice of farmers' livelihood strategies. Thus,this study examined empirically the influencing mechanisms of farmland registration and confirmation on the choice of livelihood strategies using the survey data from 762 professional apple growers who came from 6 counties in 2 provinces such as Shandong Province and Shaanxi Province. The results indicate that: farmland registration and confirmation can increase agricultural income and reduce nonagricultural income, which lead livelihood strategies to agricultural production. Compared with farmers without farmland registration and confirmation, the probability of choosing agricultural livelihood strategy is significantly increased by 55.58% for farmers who went through the registration process. In terms of the influencing mechanisms, on the one hand,farmland registration and confirmation lead livelihood strategies to agricultural production by developing farmland rental markets and expanding farm size; on the other hand, farmland registration and confirmation significantly improve land tradability and the expectation of tenure security, which encourage production investments and lead livelihood strategies to agricultural production, encourage production investments and lead livelihood strategies to agricultural production by significantly improving land tradability and the expectation of tenure security.According to the above research results, the following research conclusions can be drawn: The key to improving the sustainability of agricultural operators' livelihoods is to improve the availability of land, encourage long-term investment in agriculture, and increase agricultural income. And the effects of abovementioned measures depend on the reform of farmland property rights system with farmland registration and confirmation as the main means.
Land is the most important livelihood capital for professional farmers, and tenure insecurity can restrain the development of farmland rental markets and reduce the incentives for investing in agricultural production, which affect the choice of farmers' livelihood strategies. Thus,this study examined empirically the influencing mechanisms of farmland registration and confirmation on the choice of livelihood strategies using the survey data from 762 professional apple growers who came from 6 counties in 2 provinces such as Shandong Province and Shaanxi Province. The results indicate that: farmland registration and confirmation can increase agricultural income and reduce nonagricultural income, which lead livelihood strategies to agricultural production. Compared with farmers without farmland registration and confirmation, the probability of choosing agricultural livelihood strategy is significantly increased by 55.58% for farmers who went through the registration process. In terms of the influencing mechanisms, on the one hand,farmland registration and confirmation lead livelihood strategies to agricultural production by developing farmland rental markets and expanding farm size; on the other hand, farmland registration and confirmation significantly improve land tradability and the expectation of tenure security, which encourage production investments and lead livelihood strategies to agricultural production, encourage production investments and lead livelihood strategies to agricultural production by significantly improving land tradability and the expectation of tenure security.According to the above research results, the following research conclusions can be drawn: The key to improving the sustainability of agricultural operators' livelihoods is to improve the availability of land, encourage long-term investment in agriculture, and increase agricultural income. And the effects of abovementioned measures depend on the reform of farmland property rights system with farmland registration and confirmation as the main means.
引文
[1]许庆,尹荣梁,章辉.规模经济、规模报酬与农业适度规模经营:基于我国粮食生产的实证研究[J].经济研究,2011,(3):59-71.[Xu Q,Yin R L,Zhang H.Economies of scale,returns to scale and the problem of optimum-scale farm management:An empirical study based on grain production in China[J].Economic Research Journal,2011,(3):59-71.]
[2]何·皮特.谁是中国土地的拥有者?制度变迁、产权和社会冲突[M].林韵然译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2008.[Peter H.Who Is the Owner of Chinese Land:The Change of Institution,Property Rights and Social Conflicts[M].Lin Y R,Trans..Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press(China),2008.]
[3]Deininger K,Jin S,Nagaaajan H K.Determinants and consequences of land sales market participation:Panel evidence from India[J].World Development,2009,37(2):410-421.
[4]Deininger K,Ayalew Ali D,Alemu T.Impact of land certification on tenure security,investment and land market participation:Evidence from Ethiopia[J].Land Economics,2011,87(2):312-334.
[5]黄季焜,冀县卿.农地使用权确权与农户对农地的长期投资[J].管理世界,2012,(9):76-81.[Huang J K,Ji X Q.The verification of the right to use farmland and farmers’long-term investment in farmland[J].Management World,2012,(9):76-81.]
[6]罗必良,何应龙,汪沙,等.土地承包经营权:农户退出意愿及其影响因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2012,(6):4-19.[Luo B L,He Y L,Wang S,et al.Land contract management:Analysis of farmers’intention to quit and its influencing factors[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2012,(6):4-19.]
[7]Deininger K,Jin S.Tenure security and land-related investment:Evidence from Ethiopia[J].European Economic Review,2006,50(5):1245-1277.
[8]Smith R E.Land tenure,fixed investment,and farm productivity:Evidence from Zambia’s southern province[J].World Development,2004,32(10):1641-1661.
[9]Jacoby H G,Li G,Rozelle S.Hazards of expropriation:Tenure insecurity and investment in rural China[J].American Economic Review,2002,92(5):1420-1447.
[10]胡新艳,杨晓莹,罗锦涛.确权与农地流转:理论与研究启示[J].财贸研究,2016,27(2):67-74.[Hu X Y,Yang X Y,Luo J T.Confirmation and circulation of rural land:Theoretical divergences and research revelation[J].Finance and Trade Research,2016,27(2):67-74.]
[11]程令国,张晔,刘志彪.农地确权促进了中国农村土地的流转吗?[J].管理世界,2016,(1):88-98.[Cheng L G,Zhang Y,Liu ZB.Can farmland registration and confirmation promote farmland transfer in rural China?[J].Management World,2016,(1):88-98.]
[12]韩家彬,张书凤,刘淑云,等.土地确权、土地投资与农户土地规模经营:基于不完全契约视角的研究[J].资源科学,2018,40(10):2015-2028.[Han J B,Zhang S F,Liu S Y,et al.Land entitlement,land investment,and farmer land scale management from an incomplete contract perspective[J].Resources Science,2018,40(10):2015-2028.]
[13]罗必良.农地确权、交易含义与农业经营方式转型:科斯定理拓展与案例研究[J].中国农村经济,2016,(11):2-16.[Luo B L.Farmland registration and confirmation,the meaning of transaction and the mode of the transformation of agricultural operation:Coase theorem extension and case study[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2016,(11):2-16.]
[14]Abulai A,Owusu V,Goetz R.Land tenure differences and investment in land improvement measures:Theoretical and empirical analyses[J].Journal of Development Economics,2011,96(1):66-78.
[15]林文声,秦明,王志刚.农地确权颁证与农户农业投资行为[J].农业技术经济,2017,(12):4-14.[Lin W S,Qin M,Wang Z G.Farmland registration and confirmation and farmers’behaviors of agricultural investment[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2017,(12):4-14.]
[16]Carter M,姚洋.工业化、土地市场和农业投资[J].经济学(季刊),2004,3(4):983-1002.[Carter M,Yao Y.Industrialization,land lease markets and agricultural investment[J].China Economic Quarterly,2004,3(4):983-1002.]
[17]Deininger K,Zegarra E,Lavadenz I.Determinants and impacts of rural land market activity:Evidence from Nicaragua[J].World Development,2003,31(8):1385-1404.
[18]冒佩华,徐骥.农地制度、土地经营权流转与农民收入增长[J].管理世界,2015,(5):63-74.[Mao P H,Xu J.Farmland system,farmland transfer and increase of farmers’income[J].Management World,2015,(5):63-74.]
[19]游和远,吴次芳,鲍海君.农地流转、非农就业与农地转出户福利:来自黔浙鲁农户的证据[J].农业经济问题(月刊),2013,(3):16-25.[You H Y,Wu C F,Bao H J.Farmland circulation,offfarm employment and peasant households’welfare who rent out farmland:An empirical study of peasant households in Guizhou,Zhejiang and Shandong[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2013,(3):16-25.]
[20]林文声,王志刚.中国农地确权何以提高农户生产投资?[J].中国软科学,2018,(5):91-100.[Lin W S,Wang Z G.How can the farmland registration and certification boost agricultural investment by farmers?[J].China Soft Science,2018,(5):91-100.]
[21]宁静,殷浩栋,汪三贵.土地确权是否具有益贫性?基于贫困地区调查数据的实证分析[J].农业经济问题(月刊),2018,(9):118-127.[Ning J,Yin H D,Wang S G.Whether farmland registration and certification is pro-poor?An empirical analysis based on survey data of poverty-stricken areas[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2018,(9):118-127.]
[22]蔡洁,马红玉,夏显力.集中连片特困区农地转出户生计策略选择研究:基于六盘山的微观实证分析[J].资源科学,2017,39(11):2083-2093.[Cai J,Ma H Y,Xia X L.Analysis on the choice of livelihood strategies of peasant households who rent out farmland and influencing factors:An micro-empirical study of the contiguous destitute areas of Liupan Mountains[J].Resources Science,2017,39(11):2083-2093.]
[23]赵文娟,杨世龙,王潇.基于Logistic回归模型的生计资本与生计策略研究:以云南新平县干热河谷傣族地区为例[J].资源科学,2016,38(1):136-143.[Zhao W J,Yang S L,Wang X.The relationship between livelihood capital and livelihood strategy based on logistic regression model in Xinping County of Yuanjiang DryHot Valley[J].Resources Science,2016,38(1):136-143.]
[24]孙欣,毕如田,刘慧芳,等.贫困山区耕地细碎化对农户生计策略的影响:以左权县清漳河流域87个村为例[J].中国土地科学,2018,32(2):40-47.[Sun X,Bi R T,Liu H F,et al.Effects of cultivated land fragmentation on farmers’livelihood strategies in impoverished mountainous areas:A case study of 87 villages in Qingzhang River Basin of Zuoquan County[J].China Land Science,2018,32(2):40-47.]
[25]Ellis F.Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2000.
[26]伍艳.贫困山区农户生计资本对生计策略的影响研究:基于四川省平武县和南江县的调查数据[J].农业经济问题(月刊),2016,37(3):88-94.[Wu Y.Poor mountain farmers livelihood capital impact on livelihoods strategy research:Based on the survey data from Pingwu and Nanjiang County of Sichuan Province[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2016,37(3):88-94.]
[27]仇焕广,刘乐,李登旺,等.经营规模、地权稳定性与土地生产率:基于全国4省地块层面调查数据的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2017,(6):30-43.[Qiu H G,Liu L,Li D W,et al.Farm size,tenure security and land productivity:An empirical study based on plot-level survey data from four provinces in China[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2017,(6):30-43.]
[28]朱建军,杨兴龙.新一轮农地确权对农地流转数量与质量的影响研究:基于中国农村家庭追踪调查(CRHPS)数据[J].农业技术经济,2019,(3):63-74.[Zhu J J,Yang X L.Study of the impact of the new-round farmland rights confirmation on quantity and quality of farmland transfer:Based on CRHPS data[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2019,(3):63-74.]
[29]曹璨,罗剑朝.农户对农地经营权抵押贷款响应及其影响因素:基于零膨胀负二项模型的微观实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2015,(12):31-48.[Cao C,Luo J Z.The response of farmers to the mortgage loan of farmland management right and its influencing factors:A micro empirical analysis based on zero expansion negative binomial model[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2015,(12):31-48.]
[30]黎翠梅,刘颖,钟维宇.长沙县农户土地承包经营权抵押贷款意愿影响因素分析[J].资源科学,2015,37(8):1571-1577.[Li CM,Liu Y,Zhong W Y.Influencing factors of rural households’willingness for rights of contractual land management mortgage loans based on surveys in Changsha County[J].Resources Science,2015,37(8):1571-1577.]
[31]王亚辉,李秀彬,辛良杰.山区土地流转过程中的零租金现象及其解释:基于交易费用的视角[J].资源科学,2019,41(7):1339-1349.[Wang Y H,Li X B,Xin L J.Rent-free land transfer in mountainous areas and its explanation:Based on the perspective of transaction costs[J].Resources Science,2019,41(7):1339-1349.]
[32]吴一恒,徐砾,马贤磊.农地“三权分置”制度实施潜在风险与完善措施:基于产权配置与产权公共域视角[J].中国农村经济,2018,(8):46-63.[Wu Y H,Xu L,Ma X L.The potential risks and improvement measures of“three rights separation”system reform of arable land:From the perspectives of property rights allocation and the public domain[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2018,(8):46-63.]
[33]钟甫宁,纪月清.土地产权、非农就业机会与农户农业生产投资[J].经济研究,2009,(12):43-51.[Zhong F N,Ji Y Q.Land rights,non-agricultural employment opportunities and farmers’agricultural investment[J].Economic Research Journal,2009,(12):43-51.]
[34]侯建昀,刘军弟,霍学喜.专业化农户农地流转及其福利效应:基于1079个苹果种植户的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2016,(3):45-55.[Hou J Y,Liu J D,Huo X X.Farmland transfer of professional farmers and its’impact:Empirical analysis based on1079 apple growers[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2016,(3):45-55.]
[35]Baron R M,Kenny D A.The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research:Conceptual,strategic and statistical considerations[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1986,51(6):1173-1182.
[36]Galiani S,Schargarodsky E.Property rights for the poor:Effects of land titling[J].Journal of Public Economics,2010,94(9):700-729.
(1)考虑到效用函数单调变换不变性，比较u(Y)a和u(Yn)可简化为比较农业净收益和非农净收益，即Ya和Yn。
[2]何·皮特.谁是中国土地的拥有者?制度变迁、产权和社会冲突[M].林韵然译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,2008.[Peter H.Who Is the Owner of Chinese Land:The Change of Institution,Property Rights and Social Conflicts[M].Lin Y R,Trans..Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press(China),2008.]
[3]Deininger K,Jin S,Nagaaajan H K.Determinants and consequences of land sales market participation:Panel evidence from India[J].World Development,2009,37(2):410-421.
[4]Deininger K,Ayalew Ali D,Alemu T.Impact of land certification on tenure security,investment and land market participation:Evidence from Ethiopia[J].Land Economics,2011,87(2):312-334.
[5]黄季焜,冀县卿.农地使用权确权与农户对农地的长期投资[J].管理世界,2012,(9):76-81.[Huang J K,Ji X Q.The verification of the right to use farmland and farmers’long-term investment in farmland[J].Management World,2012,(9):76-81.]
[6]罗必良,何应龙,汪沙,等.土地承包经营权:农户退出意愿及其影响因素分析[J].中国农村经济,2012,(6):4-19.[Luo B L,He Y L,Wang S,et al.Land contract management:Analysis of farmers’intention to quit and its influencing factors[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2012,(6):4-19.]
[7]Deininger K,Jin S.Tenure security and land-related investment:Evidence from Ethiopia[J].European Economic Review,2006,50(5):1245-1277.
[8]Smith R E.Land tenure,fixed investment,and farm productivity:Evidence from Zambia’s southern province[J].World Development,2004,32(10):1641-1661.
[9]Jacoby H G,Li G,Rozelle S.Hazards of expropriation:Tenure insecurity and investment in rural China[J].American Economic Review,2002,92(5):1420-1447.
[10]胡新艳,杨晓莹,罗锦涛.确权与农地流转:理论与研究启示[J].财贸研究,2016,27(2):67-74.[Hu X Y,Yang X Y,Luo J T.Confirmation and circulation of rural land:Theoretical divergences and research revelation[J].Finance and Trade Research,2016,27(2):67-74.]
[11]程令国,张晔,刘志彪.农地确权促进了中国农村土地的流转吗?[J].管理世界,2016,(1):88-98.[Cheng L G,Zhang Y,Liu ZB.Can farmland registration and confirmation promote farmland transfer in rural China?[J].Management World,2016,(1):88-98.]
[12]韩家彬,张书凤,刘淑云,等.土地确权、土地投资与农户土地规模经营:基于不完全契约视角的研究[J].资源科学,2018,40(10):2015-2028.[Han J B,Zhang S F,Liu S Y,et al.Land entitlement,land investment,and farmer land scale management from an incomplete contract perspective[J].Resources Science,2018,40(10):2015-2028.]
[13]罗必良.农地确权、交易含义与农业经营方式转型:科斯定理拓展与案例研究[J].中国农村经济,2016,(11):2-16.[Luo B L.Farmland registration and confirmation,the meaning of transaction and the mode of the transformation of agricultural operation:Coase theorem extension and case study[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2016,(11):2-16.]
[14]Abulai A,Owusu V,Goetz R.Land tenure differences and investment in land improvement measures:Theoretical and empirical analyses[J].Journal of Development Economics,2011,96(1):66-78.
[15]林文声,秦明,王志刚.农地确权颁证与农户农业投资行为[J].农业技术经济,2017,(12):4-14.[Lin W S,Qin M,Wang Z G.Farmland registration and confirmation and farmers’behaviors of agricultural investment[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2017,(12):4-14.]
[16]Carter M,姚洋.工业化、土地市场和农业投资[J].经济学(季刊),2004,3(4):983-1002.[Carter M,Yao Y.Industrialization,land lease markets and agricultural investment[J].China Economic Quarterly,2004,3(4):983-1002.]
[17]Deininger K,Zegarra E,Lavadenz I.Determinants and impacts of rural land market activity:Evidence from Nicaragua[J].World Development,2003,31(8):1385-1404.
[18]冒佩华,徐骥.农地制度、土地经营权流转与农民收入增长[J].管理世界,2015,(5):63-74.[Mao P H,Xu J.Farmland system,farmland transfer and increase of farmers’income[J].Management World,2015,(5):63-74.]
[19]游和远,吴次芳,鲍海君.农地流转、非农就业与农地转出户福利:来自黔浙鲁农户的证据[J].农业经济问题(月刊),2013,(3):16-25.[You H Y,Wu C F,Bao H J.Farmland circulation,offfarm employment and peasant households’welfare who rent out farmland:An empirical study of peasant households in Guizhou,Zhejiang and Shandong[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2013,(3):16-25.]
[20]林文声,王志刚.中国农地确权何以提高农户生产投资?[J].中国软科学,2018,(5):91-100.[Lin W S,Wang Z G.How can the farmland registration and certification boost agricultural investment by farmers?[J].China Soft Science,2018,(5):91-100.]
[21]宁静,殷浩栋,汪三贵.土地确权是否具有益贫性?基于贫困地区调查数据的实证分析[J].农业经济问题(月刊),2018,(9):118-127.[Ning J,Yin H D,Wang S G.Whether farmland registration and certification is pro-poor?An empirical analysis based on survey data of poverty-stricken areas[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2018,(9):118-127.]
[22]蔡洁,马红玉,夏显力.集中连片特困区农地转出户生计策略选择研究:基于六盘山的微观实证分析[J].资源科学,2017,39(11):2083-2093.[Cai J,Ma H Y,Xia X L.Analysis on the choice of livelihood strategies of peasant households who rent out farmland and influencing factors:An micro-empirical study of the contiguous destitute areas of Liupan Mountains[J].Resources Science,2017,39(11):2083-2093.]
[23]赵文娟,杨世龙,王潇.基于Logistic回归模型的生计资本与生计策略研究:以云南新平县干热河谷傣族地区为例[J].资源科学,2016,38(1):136-143.[Zhao W J,Yang S L,Wang X.The relationship between livelihood capital and livelihood strategy based on logistic regression model in Xinping County of Yuanjiang DryHot Valley[J].Resources Science,2016,38(1):136-143.]
[24]孙欣,毕如田,刘慧芳,等.贫困山区耕地细碎化对农户生计策略的影响:以左权县清漳河流域87个村为例[J].中国土地科学,2018,32(2):40-47.[Sun X,Bi R T,Liu H F,et al.Effects of cultivated land fragmentation on farmers’livelihood strategies in impoverished mountainous areas:A case study of 87 villages in Qingzhang River Basin of Zuoquan County[J].China Land Science,2018,32(2):40-47.]
[25]Ellis F.Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries[M].New York:Oxford University Press,2000.
[26]伍艳.贫困山区农户生计资本对生计策略的影响研究:基于四川省平武县和南江县的调查数据[J].农业经济问题(月刊),2016,37(3):88-94.[Wu Y.Poor mountain farmers livelihood capital impact on livelihoods strategy research:Based on the survey data from Pingwu and Nanjiang County of Sichuan Province[J].Issues in Agricultural Economy,2016,37(3):88-94.]
[27]仇焕广,刘乐,李登旺,等.经营规模、地权稳定性与土地生产率:基于全国4省地块层面调查数据的实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2017,(6):30-43.[Qiu H G,Liu L,Li D W,et al.Farm size,tenure security and land productivity:An empirical study based on plot-level survey data from four provinces in China[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2017,(6):30-43.]
[28]朱建军,杨兴龙.新一轮农地确权对农地流转数量与质量的影响研究:基于中国农村家庭追踪调查(CRHPS)数据[J].农业技术经济,2019,(3):63-74.[Zhu J J,Yang X L.Study of the impact of the new-round farmland rights confirmation on quantity and quality of farmland transfer:Based on CRHPS data[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2019,(3):63-74.]
[29]曹璨,罗剑朝.农户对农地经营权抵押贷款响应及其影响因素:基于零膨胀负二项模型的微观实证分析[J].中国农村经济,2015,(12):31-48.[Cao C,Luo J Z.The response of farmers to the mortgage loan of farmland management right and its influencing factors:A micro empirical analysis based on zero expansion negative binomial model[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2015,(12):31-48.]
[30]黎翠梅,刘颖,钟维宇.长沙县农户土地承包经营权抵押贷款意愿影响因素分析[J].资源科学,2015,37(8):1571-1577.[Li CM,Liu Y,Zhong W Y.Influencing factors of rural households’willingness for rights of contractual land management mortgage loans based on surveys in Changsha County[J].Resources Science,2015,37(8):1571-1577.]
[31]王亚辉,李秀彬,辛良杰.山区土地流转过程中的零租金现象及其解释:基于交易费用的视角[J].资源科学,2019,41(7):1339-1349.[Wang Y H,Li X B,Xin L J.Rent-free land transfer in mountainous areas and its explanation:Based on the perspective of transaction costs[J].Resources Science,2019,41(7):1339-1349.]
[32]吴一恒,徐砾,马贤磊.农地“三权分置”制度实施潜在风险与完善措施:基于产权配置与产权公共域视角[J].中国农村经济,2018,(8):46-63.[Wu Y H,Xu L,Ma X L.The potential risks and improvement measures of“three rights separation”system reform of arable land:From the perspectives of property rights allocation and the public domain[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2018,(8):46-63.]
[33]钟甫宁,纪月清.土地产权、非农就业机会与农户农业生产投资[J].经济研究,2009,(12):43-51.[Zhong F N,Ji Y Q.Land rights,non-agricultural employment opportunities and farmers’agricultural investment[J].Economic Research Journal,2009,(12):43-51.]
[34]侯建昀,刘军弟,霍学喜.专业化农户农地流转及其福利效应:基于1079个苹果种植户的实证分析[J].农业技术经济,2016,(3):45-55.[Hou J Y,Liu J D,Huo X X.Farmland transfer of professional farmers and its’impact:Empirical analysis based on1079 apple growers[J].Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2016,(3):45-55.]
[35]Baron R M,Kenny D A.The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research:Conceptual,strategic and statistical considerations[J].Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,1986,51(6):1173-1182.
[36]Galiani S,Schargarodsky E.Property rights for the poor:Effects of land titling[J].Journal of Public Economics,2010,94(9):700-729.
(1)考虑到效用函数单调变换不变性，比较u(Y)a和u(Yn)可简化为比较农业净收益和非农净收益，即Ya和Yn。