三江源农牧交错区一个种植周期的垂穗披碱草人工草地CO_2通量变化特征
|
摘要
建植多年生人工草地已成为生态环境保护和恢复工程的重要措施之一,探究多年生人工草地生态系统CO_2交换的变化特性,有助于准确评估和预测人工草地碳收支状况及其生态服务功能。利用2012-2016年,5年的涡度相关系统观测的数据,分析了三江源农牧交错区垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)人工草地的净生态系统CO_2交换(Net ecosystem CO_2 exchange,NEE)、总初级生产力(Gross primary productivity,GPP)和生态系统呼吸(Ecosystem respiration,R)等参数在一个种植周期的变化特征及其控制因子。结果表明:(1)在一个完整种植周期内(5年),三江源农牧交错区垂穗披碱草人工草地随着种植年限的增加CO_2通量先增加后减小,累计固碳180.4 g·m~(-2),是一个弱的碳汇,其中,除了种植第1年表现为碳源(47g·m~(-2)),其他年份均为碳汇,第3年碳汇强度达到最强-128.3 g·m~(-2);(2)GPP主要由空气温度、植被多样性指数(Simpson指数)和生长季长度共同控制(r~2=0.92),植被多样性指数(Simpson指数)直接影响着生长季NEE(r~2=0.80);(3)管理措施(播种和收割时间)影响着生长季的长度,而生长季长度影响非生长季R和生长季NEE的比值(R/NEE)(96%),进而影响着NEE的年际变异(92%),管理措施影响着人工草地NEE的年际变异。不论是生产功能还是生态功能,每5-6年重新翻耕人工草地是"生产-生态"的双赢模式,人工草地更新是三江源农牧交错区一个生产和生态相结合的有效产业发展模式。
Development of artificial grassland has become one of the important elements of the ecological environmental protection and restoration project.Understanding the dynamics of CO_2 exchange is required for accurately predicting and evaluating the carbon budget and ecological service function of the perennial artificial grassland ecosystem.In this study,we analyzed 5 years datas(2012-2016)from eddy covariance observations of an Elymus nutans grassland in agro-pastoral transition area of Sanjiangyuan to identify the features and decisive factors of net ecosystem CO_2 exchange(NEE),gross primary productivity(GPP),ecosystem respiration(R).The results showed that,(1)in a complete planting cycle(5 years),the CO_2 flux was increased then decreased with the increase of the plant years.The total cumulative CO_2 uptake was 180.4 g·m~(-2)(by C)during the production cycle,indicating that the studied grassland was a weak C sink.Further analysis showed that,the studied artificial grassland was a carbon source in the first planting year and contributed 47 g·m~(-2 )C.From year 2 to 5,the grassland served as carbon sinks and in the 3rd year carbon sink strength reached the strongest at-128.52 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1).(2)GPP in growing season was mainly controlled by air temperature,Simpson index and length of growing season(r~2=0.92).A clear linear relationship between NEE and Simpson index was evident in growing seasons(r~2=0.80).And(3)management(seeding and harvesting time)affected the length of the growing season,while the growth season length impacted the ratio of R to the growing season NEE(R/NEE)(96%).The length of the growing season also affected the R/NEE ratio of the non-growing season by directly determining the interannual variability of NEE(92%).In addition,management affected the interannual variability of NEE.Together,the present study reveals that re-planting grassland every 5-6 years is a win-win system of"production-ecology",regardless of carbon sequestration function or production function.Developing artificial grassland is an effective way to balance ecology and production in agro-pastoral transition area of Sanjiangyuan.
Development of artificial grassland has become one of the important elements of the ecological environmental protection and restoration project.Understanding the dynamics of CO_2 exchange is required for accurately predicting and evaluating the carbon budget and ecological service function of the perennial artificial grassland ecosystem.In this study,we analyzed 5 years datas(2012-2016)from eddy covariance observations of an Elymus nutans grassland in agro-pastoral transition area of Sanjiangyuan to identify the features and decisive factors of net ecosystem CO_2 exchange(NEE),gross primary productivity(GPP),ecosystem respiration(R).The results showed that,(1)in a complete planting cycle(5 years),the CO_2 flux was increased then decreased with the increase of the plant years.The total cumulative CO_2 uptake was 180.4 g·m~(-2)(by C)during the production cycle,indicating that the studied grassland was a weak C sink.Further analysis showed that,the studied artificial grassland was a carbon source in the first planting year and contributed 47 g·m~(-2 )C.From year 2 to 5,the grassland served as carbon sinks and in the 3rd year carbon sink strength reached the strongest at-128.52 g·m~(-2)·a~(-1).(2)GPP in growing season was mainly controlled by air temperature,Simpson index and length of growing season(r~2=0.92).A clear linear relationship between NEE and Simpson index was evident in growing seasons(r~2=0.80).And(3)management(seeding and harvesting time)affected the length of the growing season,while the growth season length impacted the ratio of R to the growing season NEE(R/NEE)(96%).The length of the growing season also affected the R/NEE ratio of the non-growing season by directly determining the interannual variability of NEE(92%).In addition,management affected the interannual variability of NEE.Together,the present study reveals that re-planting grassland every 5-6 years is a win-win system of"production-ecology",regardless of carbon sequestration function or production function.Developing artificial grassland is an effective way to balance ecology and production in agro-pastoral transition area of Sanjiangyuan.
引文
AUBINET M,GRELLE A,IBROM A,et al.,2000.Estimates of the Annual Net Carbon and Water Exchange of Forests:The EUROFLUXMethodology[J].Advances in Ecological Research,30(1):113-175.
BAI Y F,HAN X G,WU J G,et al.,2004.Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland[J].Nature,431(7005):181-184.
FALGE E,BALDOCCHI D,OLSON R,et al.,2001.Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,107(1):43-69.
GUO Q,LI S G,HU Z M,et al.,2015.Response of gross primary productivity to water availability at different temporal scales in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia temperate steppe[J].Journal of Desert Research,35(3):616-623.
HARRIS R B,2010.Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau:A review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes[J].Journal of Arid Environments,74(1):1-12.
HORTNAGL L,BARTHEL M,BUCHMANN N,et al.,2018.Greenhouse gas fluxes over managed grasslands in Central Europe[J].Global Change Biology,24(5):1843-1872.
JENSEN R,HERBST M,FRIBORG T,et al.,2017.Direct and indirect controls of the interannual variability in atmospheric CO2 exchange of three contrasting ecosystems in Denmark[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,233:12-31.
JUNG M,REICHSTEIN M,SCHWALM C R,et al.,2017.Compensatory water effects link yearly global land CO2 sink changes to temperature[J].Nature,541(7638):516-520.
KATO T,HIROTA M,TANG Y H,et al.,2005.Strong temperature dependence and no moss photosynthesis in winter CO2 flux for a Kobresia meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Soil Biology Biochemistry,37(10):1966-1969.
KATO T,TANG Y H,GU S,et al.,2004.Carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and an alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,124(1-2):121-134.
KATO T,TANG Y H,GU S,et al.,2006.Temperature and biomass influences on interannual changes in CO2 exchange in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Global Change Biology,12(7):1285-1298.
LI H Q,ZHANG F W,LI Y N,et al.,2016.Seasonal and inter-annual variations in CO2 fluxes over 10 years in an alpine shrubland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,228-229:95-103.
LI Y M,WANG Y,CAO G,et al.,2005.Preliminary research of effect of cultivation on soil organic carbon in alpine meadow[J].Progress in Geography,24(6):59-65.
LUYSSAERT S,INGLIMA I,JUNG M,et al.,2007.CO2 balance of boreal,temperate,and tropical forests derived from a global database[J].Global Change Biology,13(12):2509-2537.
NIU B,HE Y T,ZHANG X Z,et al.,2017.CO2 exchange in an alpine swamp meadow on the central Tibetan Plateau[J].Wetlands,37(3):525-543.
REICHSTEIN M,FALGE E,BALDOCCHI D,et al.,2005.On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration:review and improved algorithm[J].Global Change Biology,11(9):1424-1439.
SMITH P,2014.Do grasslands act as a perpetual sink for carbon?[J].Global Change Biology,20(9):2708-2711.
TUBIELLO F N,SALVATORE M,FERRARA A F,et al.,2015.The Contribution of Agriculture,Forestry and other Land Use activities to Global Warming,1990-2012[J].Global Change Biology,21(7):2655-2660.
WANG S P,WILKES A,ZHANG Z C,et al.,2011.Management and land use change effects on soil carbon in northern China's grasslands:a synthesis[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems Environment,142(3-4):329-340.
WANG Y H,LIU H Y,CHUNG H,et al.,2015.Non-growing-season soil respiration is controlled by freezing and thawing processes in the summer-monsoon-dominated Tibetan alpine grassland[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,28(10):1081-1095.
WEBB E K,PEARMAN G I,LEUNING R,et al.,1980.Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,106(447):85-100.
WILSON K,GOLDSTEIN A,FALGE E,et al.,2002.Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,113(1):223-243.
WOLLENBERG E,RICHARDS M,SMITH P,et al.,2016.Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2 degrees C target[J].Global Change Biology,22(12):3859-3864.
XU L,YAO B,WANG W,et al.,2017.Effects of plant species richness on13C assimilate partitioning in artificial grasslands of different established ages[J].Scientific Reports,7:40307.
YU G R,WEN X F,SUN X M,et al.,2006.Overview of China FLUX and evaluation of its eddy covariance measurement[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,137(3-4):125-137.
YU G R,ZHANG L M,SUN X M,et al.,2008.Environmental controls over carbon exchange of three forest ecosystems in eastern China[J].Global Change Biology,14(11):2555-2571.
ZENG N,ZHAO F,COLLATZ G J,et al.,2014.Agricultural Green Revolution as a driver of increasing atmospheric CO2 seasonal amplitude[J].Nature,515(7527):394-397.
ZHANG Q,KONG D D,SHI P J,et al.,2018.Vegetation phenology on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its response to climate change(1982-2013)[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,248:408-417.
ZHAO L,CHEN D D,ZHAO N,et al.,2015.Responses of carbon transfer,partitioning,and residence time to land use in the plant-soil system of an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,51(7):781-790.
ZHAO L,LI J,XU S X,et al.,2010.Seasonal variations in carbon dioxide exchange in an alpine wetland meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Biogeosciences,7(4):1207-1221.
ZHAO L,LI Y N,GU S,et al.,2005b.Carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and an alpine shrubland meadow during the growing season on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,47(3):271-282.
ZHAO L,LI Y N,XU S X,et al.,2006.Diurnal,seasonal and annual variation in net ecosystem CO2 exchange of an alpine shrubland on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Global Change Biology,12(10):1940-1953.
ZHAO L,LI Y N,ZHAO X Q,et al.,2005a.Comparative study of the net exchange of CO2 in 3 types of vegetation ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,50(16):1767-1774.
ZHAO X Q,ZHAO L,QI LI,et al.,2018.Using balance of seasonal herbage supply and demand to inform sustainable grassland management on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering,4(1):1-8.
ZHU Z L,SUN X M,ZHOU Y L,et al.,2005.Correcting method of eddy covariance fluxes over non-flat surfaces and its application in China FLUX[J].Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences,48(1):42-50.
ZOU J R,ZHAO L,XU S,et al.,2014.Field(CO2)13C pulse labeling reveals differential partitioning patterns of photoassimilated carbon in response to livestock exclosure in a Kobresia meadow[J].Biogeosciences,11(16):4381-4391.
柴曦,李英年,段呈,等,2018.青藏高原高寒灌丛草甸和草原化草甸CO2通量动态及其限制因子[J].植物生态学报,42(1):6-19.CHAI X,LI YN,DUAN C,et al.,2018.CO2 flux dynamics and its limiting factors in the alpine shrub-meadow and steppe-meadow on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,42(1):6-19.
丁金枝,2017.青藏高原冻土区土壤碳库的大小、动态和温度敏感性[D].北京:中国科学院植物研究所:1-170.DING J Z,2017.Permafrost carbon stock on the QinghaiTibetanPlateau:pool size,temporal dynamics and temperature sensitivity[D].Beijing:Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences:1-170.
高翠萍,韩国栋,王忠武,等,2017.内蒙古荒漠草原人工草地固碳效应分析[J].中国草地学报,39(4):81-85.GAO C P,HAN G D,WANG Z W,et al.,2017.Carbon sequestration effect of different artificial grasslands in inner mongolia desert grassland area[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,39(4):81-85.
李英年,赵新全,曹广民,等,2004.海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站气候、植被生产力背景的分析[J].高原气象,23(4):558-567.LI Y N,ZHAO X Q,CAO G M,et al.,2004.Analyses on climates and vegetation productivity background at haibei alpine meadow ecosystem research station[J].Plateau Meteorology,23(4):558-567.
马玉寿,郎百宁,李青云,等,2002.江河源区高寒草甸退化草地恢复与重建技术研究[J].草业科学,19(12):1-5.MA Y S,LANG B N,LI Q Y,et al.,2002.Study on rehabilitating and rebuilding technologies for degenerated alpine meadow in the Changjiang[J].Pratacultural Science,19(12):1-5.
秦大河,赵新全,周华坤,等,2014.三江源区生态保护与可持续发展[M].北京:科学出版社:1-261.QIN D H,ZHAO X Q,ZHOU H K,et al.,2014.The ecological protection and sustainable development in the Source Region of Three Rivers[M].Beijing:Science Press:1-261.
王启基,周兴民,彭宏春,等,2000.青藏高原草地资源、环境现状及持续发展战略[M].西宁:青海人民出版社:1-220.WANG Q J,ZHOU X M,PENG H C,et al.,2000.Current Situation and Sustainable Development Strategy of Grassland Resources and Environment in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[M].Xining:Qinghai People's Publishing House:1-220.
温军,2012.三江源区草地退化及人工草地建植对土壤呼吸的影响[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院:1-66.WEN J,2012.Effects of alpine grassland degradation and establishment of artificial grassland on soil respiration in the Three-River Source Region[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences:1-66.
吴力博,古松,赵亮,等,2010.三江源地区人工草地的生态系统CO2净交换、总初级生产力及其影响因子[J].植物生态学报,34(7):770-780.WU L B,GU S,ZHAO L,et al.,2010.Variation in net CO2 exchange,gross primary production and its affecting factors in the planted pasture ecosystem in Sanjiangyuan Region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,34(7):770-780.
赵亮,古松,徐世晓,等,2007.青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统碳通量特征及其控制因子[J].西北植物学报,27(5):1054-1060.ZHAO L,GU S,XU S X,et al.,2007.Carbon Flux and Controlling Process of Alpine Meadow on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,10(11):1054-1060.
赵亮,古松,周华坤,等,2008.青海省三江源区人工草地生态系统CO2通量[J].植物生态学报,32(3):544-554.ZHAO L,GU S,ZHOU H K,et al.,2008.CO2 fluxes of artificial grassland in the source region of the three rivers on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,32(3):544-554.
赵新全,马玉寿,王启基,等,2011.三江源区退化草地生态系统恢复与可持续管理[M].北京:科学出版社:1-367.ZHAO X,MA Y,WANG Q,et al.,2011.Rehabilitation and sustainable management of degraded grassland ecosystems in Sanjiangyuan Regions[M].Beijing:Science Press:1-367.
张法伟,刘安花,李英年,等,2008.青藏高原高寒湿地生态系统CO2通量[J].生态学报,28(2):453-462.ZHANG F W,LIU A H,LI Y N,et al.,2008.CO2 flux in alpine wetland ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,28(2):453-462.
BAI Y F,HAN X G,WU J G,et al.,2004.Ecosystem stability and compensatory effects in the Inner Mongolia grassland[J].Nature,431(7005):181-184.
FALGE E,BALDOCCHI D,OLSON R,et al.,2001.Gap filling strategies for defensible annual sums of net ecosystem exchange[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,107(1):43-69.
GUO Q,LI S G,HU Z M,et al.,2015.Response of gross primary productivity to water availability at different temporal scales in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia temperate steppe[J].Journal of Desert Research,35(3):616-623.
HARRIS R B,2010.Rangeland degradation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau:A review of the evidence of its magnitude and causes[J].Journal of Arid Environments,74(1):1-12.
HORTNAGL L,BARTHEL M,BUCHMANN N,et al.,2018.Greenhouse gas fluxes over managed grasslands in Central Europe[J].Global Change Biology,24(5):1843-1872.
JENSEN R,HERBST M,FRIBORG T,et al.,2017.Direct and indirect controls of the interannual variability in atmospheric CO2 exchange of three contrasting ecosystems in Denmark[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,233:12-31.
JUNG M,REICHSTEIN M,SCHWALM C R,et al.,2017.Compensatory water effects link yearly global land CO2 sink changes to temperature[J].Nature,541(7638):516-520.
KATO T,HIROTA M,TANG Y H,et al.,2005.Strong temperature dependence and no moss photosynthesis in winter CO2 flux for a Kobresia meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Soil Biology Biochemistry,37(10):1966-1969.
KATO T,TANG Y H,GU S,et al.,2004.Carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and an alpine meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,124(1-2):121-134.
KATO T,TANG Y H,GU S,et al.,2006.Temperature and biomass influences on interannual changes in CO2 exchange in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Global Change Biology,12(7):1285-1298.
LI H Q,ZHANG F W,LI Y N,et al.,2016.Seasonal and inter-annual variations in CO2 fluxes over 10 years in an alpine shrubland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,228-229:95-103.
LI Y M,WANG Y,CAO G,et al.,2005.Preliminary research of effect of cultivation on soil organic carbon in alpine meadow[J].Progress in Geography,24(6):59-65.
LUYSSAERT S,INGLIMA I,JUNG M,et al.,2007.CO2 balance of boreal,temperate,and tropical forests derived from a global database[J].Global Change Biology,13(12):2509-2537.
NIU B,HE Y T,ZHANG X Z,et al.,2017.CO2 exchange in an alpine swamp meadow on the central Tibetan Plateau[J].Wetlands,37(3):525-543.
REICHSTEIN M,FALGE E,BALDOCCHI D,et al.,2005.On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration:review and improved algorithm[J].Global Change Biology,11(9):1424-1439.
SMITH P,2014.Do grasslands act as a perpetual sink for carbon?[J].Global Change Biology,20(9):2708-2711.
TUBIELLO F N,SALVATORE M,FERRARA A F,et al.,2015.The Contribution of Agriculture,Forestry and other Land Use activities to Global Warming,1990-2012[J].Global Change Biology,21(7):2655-2660.
WANG S P,WILKES A,ZHANG Z C,et al.,2011.Management and land use change effects on soil carbon in northern China's grasslands:a synthesis[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems Environment,142(3-4):329-340.
WANG Y H,LIU H Y,CHUNG H,et al.,2015.Non-growing-season soil respiration is controlled by freezing and thawing processes in the summer-monsoon-dominated Tibetan alpine grassland[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles,28(10):1081-1095.
WEBB E K,PEARMAN G I,LEUNING R,et al.,1980.Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer[J].Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,106(447):85-100.
WILSON K,GOLDSTEIN A,FALGE E,et al.,2002.Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,113(1):223-243.
WOLLENBERG E,RICHARDS M,SMITH P,et al.,2016.Reducing emissions from agriculture to meet the 2 degrees C target[J].Global Change Biology,22(12):3859-3864.
XU L,YAO B,WANG W,et al.,2017.Effects of plant species richness on13C assimilate partitioning in artificial grasslands of different established ages[J].Scientific Reports,7:40307.
YU G R,WEN X F,SUN X M,et al.,2006.Overview of China FLUX and evaluation of its eddy covariance measurement[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,137(3-4):125-137.
YU G R,ZHANG L M,SUN X M,et al.,2008.Environmental controls over carbon exchange of three forest ecosystems in eastern China[J].Global Change Biology,14(11):2555-2571.
ZENG N,ZHAO F,COLLATZ G J,et al.,2014.Agricultural Green Revolution as a driver of increasing atmospheric CO2 seasonal amplitude[J].Nature,515(7527):394-397.
ZHANG Q,KONG D D,SHI P J,et al.,2018.Vegetation phenology on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its response to climate change(1982-2013)[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,248:408-417.
ZHAO L,CHEN D D,ZHAO N,et al.,2015.Responses of carbon transfer,partitioning,and residence time to land use in the plant-soil system of an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Biology and Fertility of Soils,51(7):781-790.
ZHAO L,LI J,XU S X,et al.,2010.Seasonal variations in carbon dioxide exchange in an alpine wetland meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Biogeosciences,7(4):1207-1221.
ZHAO L,LI Y N,GU S,et al.,2005b.Carbon dioxide exchange between the atmosphere and an alpine shrubland meadow during the growing season on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,47(3):271-282.
ZHAO L,LI Y N,XU S X,et al.,2006.Diurnal,seasonal and annual variation in net ecosystem CO2 exchange of an alpine shrubland on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Global Change Biology,12(10):1940-1953.
ZHAO L,LI Y N,ZHAO X Q,et al.,2005a.Comparative study of the net exchange of CO2 in 3 types of vegetation ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,50(16):1767-1774.
ZHAO X Q,ZHAO L,QI LI,et al.,2018.Using balance of seasonal herbage supply and demand to inform sustainable grassland management on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering,4(1):1-8.
ZHU Z L,SUN X M,ZHOU Y L,et al.,2005.Correcting method of eddy covariance fluxes over non-flat surfaces and its application in China FLUX[J].Science in China Series D-Earth Sciences,48(1):42-50.
ZOU J R,ZHAO L,XU S,et al.,2014.Field(CO2)13C pulse labeling reveals differential partitioning patterns of photoassimilated carbon in response to livestock exclosure in a Kobresia meadow[J].Biogeosciences,11(16):4381-4391.
柴曦,李英年,段呈,等,2018.青藏高原高寒灌丛草甸和草原化草甸CO2通量动态及其限制因子[J].植物生态学报,42(1):6-19.CHAI X,LI YN,DUAN C,et al.,2018.CO2 flux dynamics and its limiting factors in the alpine shrub-meadow and steppe-meadow on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,42(1):6-19.
丁金枝,2017.青藏高原冻土区土壤碳库的大小、动态和温度敏感性[D].北京:中国科学院植物研究所:1-170.DING J Z,2017.Permafrost carbon stock on the QinghaiTibetanPlateau:pool size,temporal dynamics and temperature sensitivity[D].Beijing:Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences:1-170.
高翠萍,韩国栋,王忠武,等,2017.内蒙古荒漠草原人工草地固碳效应分析[J].中国草地学报,39(4):81-85.GAO C P,HAN G D,WANG Z W,et al.,2017.Carbon sequestration effect of different artificial grasslands in inner mongolia desert grassland area[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,39(4):81-85.
李英年,赵新全,曹广民,等,2004.海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站气候、植被生产力背景的分析[J].高原气象,23(4):558-567.LI Y N,ZHAO X Q,CAO G M,et al.,2004.Analyses on climates and vegetation productivity background at haibei alpine meadow ecosystem research station[J].Plateau Meteorology,23(4):558-567.
马玉寿,郎百宁,李青云,等,2002.江河源区高寒草甸退化草地恢复与重建技术研究[J].草业科学,19(12):1-5.MA Y S,LANG B N,LI Q Y,et al.,2002.Study on rehabilitating and rebuilding technologies for degenerated alpine meadow in the Changjiang[J].Pratacultural Science,19(12):1-5.
秦大河,赵新全,周华坤,等,2014.三江源区生态保护与可持续发展[M].北京:科学出版社:1-261.QIN D H,ZHAO X Q,ZHOU H K,et al.,2014.The ecological protection and sustainable development in the Source Region of Three Rivers[M].Beijing:Science Press:1-261.
王启基,周兴民,彭宏春,等,2000.青藏高原草地资源、环境现状及持续发展战略[M].西宁:青海人民出版社:1-220.WANG Q J,ZHOU X M,PENG H C,et al.,2000.Current Situation and Sustainable Development Strategy of Grassland Resources and Environment in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[M].Xining:Qinghai People's Publishing House:1-220.
温军,2012.三江源区草地退化及人工草地建植对土壤呼吸的影响[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院:1-66.WEN J,2012.Effects of alpine grassland degradation and establishment of artificial grassland on soil respiration in the Three-River Source Region[D].Beijing:University of Chinese Academy of Sciences:1-66.
吴力博,古松,赵亮,等,2010.三江源地区人工草地的生态系统CO2净交换、总初级生产力及其影响因子[J].植物生态学报,34(7):770-780.WU L B,GU S,ZHAO L,et al.,2010.Variation in net CO2 exchange,gross primary production and its affecting factors in the planted pasture ecosystem in Sanjiangyuan Region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau of China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,34(7):770-780.
赵亮,古松,徐世晓,等,2007.青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统碳通量特征及其控制因子[J].西北植物学报,27(5):1054-1060.ZHAO L,GU S,XU S X,et al.,2007.Carbon Flux and Controlling Process of Alpine Meadow on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,10(11):1054-1060.
赵亮,古松,周华坤,等,2008.青海省三江源区人工草地生态系统CO2通量[J].植物生态学报,32(3):544-554.ZHAO L,GU S,ZHOU H K,et al.,2008.CO2 fluxes of artificial grassland in the source region of the three rivers on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China[J].Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,32(3):544-554.
赵新全,马玉寿,王启基,等,2011.三江源区退化草地生态系统恢复与可持续管理[M].北京:科学出版社:1-367.ZHAO X,MA Y,WANG Q,et al.,2011.Rehabilitation and sustainable management of degraded grassland ecosystems in Sanjiangyuan Regions[M].Beijing:Science Press:1-367.
张法伟,刘安花,李英年,等,2008.青藏高原高寒湿地生态系统CO2通量[J].生态学报,28(2):453-462.ZHANG F W,LIU A H,LI Y N,et al.,2008.CO2 flux in alpine wetland ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,28(2):453-462.