放牧方式对暖温型草原区短花针茅群落特征及α多样性的影响
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摘要
为研究暖温性草原区植物群落特征和草地生产力对不同放牧模式的响应,探讨草地生产力和多样性指数的关系,选择内蒙古和林格尔县暖温性草原区短花针茅群落作为样地,采用划区轮牧、自由放牧Ⅰ(载畜率3.48只羊/hm~2)、自由放牧Ⅱ(载畜率4.00只羊/hm~2)和围栏禁牧4种放牧方式,2017年连续6个月进行草地健康监测。结果显示:不同放牧方式对草地群落特征及α多样性均存在显著影响(P<0.05),围栏禁牧表现最好;划区轮牧的草地群落特征及α多样性显著高于其他两种放牧方式;8月围栏禁牧下的草地生产力虽高于其他放牧方式,但10月份4种放牧制度下草地生产力差异较8月份小。综上,和林格尔县暖温型草地可以支持放牧行为,划区轮牧可保证草地可持续发展。
In order to understand the characteristics of plant community and the response of grassland productivity to different grazing patterns in warm-temperate steppe area, and to discuss the relationship between grassland productivity and diversity index, Stipa breviflora community in warm-temperate steppe of Horinger county, Inner Mongolia was selected as the test plot, and the grassland health monitoring was carried out for six consecutive months in 2017 by using four grazing methodss: rotational grazing, free grazing Ⅰ(Carrying rate 3.48 sheep/hm~2), free grazing Ⅱ(Carrying rate 4.00 sheep/hm~2) and fence grazing. The results showed that:(1) Different grazing methods had significant effects on grassland community characteristics and alpha diversity(P<0.05), the fence grazing was the best. The grassland community characteristics and alpha diversity of the rotational grazing area were significantly higher than those of the other two grazing methods;(2) Although the grassland productivity under the fence grazing method was higher than that of other grazing methods in August 2017, there was decreasing difference in the grassland productivity among the four grazing systems in October. In summary, the temperate typical grassland represented by Horinger county can support grazing behavior, and the rotation of grazing can ensure the sustainable development of grassland.
In order to understand the characteristics of plant community and the response of grassland productivity to different grazing patterns in warm-temperate steppe area, and to discuss the relationship between grassland productivity and diversity index, Stipa breviflora community in warm-temperate steppe of Horinger county, Inner Mongolia was selected as the test plot, and the grassland health monitoring was carried out for six consecutive months in 2017 by using four grazing methodss: rotational grazing, free grazing Ⅰ(Carrying rate 3.48 sheep/hm~2), free grazing Ⅱ(Carrying rate 4.00 sheep/hm~2) and fence grazing. The results showed that:(1) Different grazing methods had significant effects on grassland community characteristics and alpha diversity(P<0.05), the fence grazing was the best. The grassland community characteristics and alpha diversity of the rotational grazing area were significantly higher than those of the other two grazing methods;(2) Although the grassland productivity under the fence grazing method was higher than that of other grazing methods in August 2017, there was decreasing difference in the grassland productivity among the four grazing systems in October. In summary, the temperate typical grassland represented by Horinger county can support grazing behavior, and the rotation of grazing can ensure the sustainable development of grassland.
引文
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[2] 刘菊红,王忠武,郝敦元,等.重牧对荒漠草原主要植物种和功能群组织力的影响[J].中国草地学报,2018,40(5):85-92.Liu Juhong,Wang Zhongwu,Hao Dunyuan,et al.Effect of heavy grazing on the organization ability of main plant species and functional groups in a desert steppe[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2018,40(5):85-92.
[3] 张爽,卫智军,吕世杰,等.放牧对短花针茅荒漠草原主要植物种群及群落地上现存量稳定性的影响[J].中国草地学报,2017,39(6):26-32.Zhang Shuang,Wei Zhijun,Lv Shijie,et al.Study on aboveground biomass and vegetation stability of main plant populations and community in Stipa breviflora desert steppe[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2017,39(6):26-32.
[4] 王悦骅,宋晓辉,王占文,等.植物群落多样性和生产力对不同载畜率的响应[J].中国草地学报,2018,40(6):107-112.Wang Yuehua,Song Xiaohui,Wang Zhanwen,et al.Response of plant community diversity and productivity on different stocking rates[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland,2018,40(6):107-112.
[5] Tilman D,Isbell F.Biodiversity:recovery as nitrogen declines[J].Nature,2015,528(7582):336-337.
[6] Storkey J,Mac Donald A J,Poulton P R,et al.Grassland biodiversity bounces back from long-term nitrogen addition[J].Nature,2015,528(7582):401-404.
[7] 郑伟,董全民,李世雄,等.放牧强度对环青海湖高寒草原群落物种多样性和生产力的影响[J].草地学报,2012,20(6):1033-1038.Zheng Wei,Dong Quanmin,Li Shixiong,et al.Impact of grazing intensities on community biodiversity and productivity of alpine grassland in Qinghai Lake region[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2012,20(6):1033-1038.
[8] 韩国栋,焦树英,毕力格图,等.短花针茅草原不同载畜率对植物多样性和草地生产力的影响[J].生态学报,2007,27(1):182-188.Han Guodong,Jiao Shuying,Biligetu,et al.Effects of plant species diversity and productivity under different stocking rates in the Stipa breviflora Griseb.desert steppe[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(1):182-188.
[9] 韩梦琪,王忠武,靳宇曦,等.短花针茅荒漠草原物种多样性及生产力对长期不同放牧强度的响应[J].西北植物学报,2017,37(11):2273-2281.Han Mengqi,Wang Zhongwu,Jin Yuxi,et al.Response of species diversity and productivity to long-term grazing in the Stipa breviflora desert steppe[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2017,37(11):2273-2281.
[10] 张瑜,王普昶,莫本田,等.不同放牧强度下贵州喀斯特草地植被空间特征与生产力相关性分析[J].草业与畜牧,2015(4):31-36.Zhang Yu,Wang Puchang,Mo Bentian,et al.Interrelation between spatial variability of vegetation and grassland productivity under different intensity in Guizhou Karst grassland[J].Journal of Grassland and Forage Science,2015(4):31-36.
[11] 段茹晖.农牧交错区夏秋放牧冬春补饲生产模式研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2018.Duan Ruhui.Study on animal production system of summer-autumn grazing and winter-spring shed feeding in cropping-pastoral interlacing regions[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,2018.
[12] 李青丰.草畜平衡管理系列研究(5)——牧草产量月动态变化[J].草业科学,2012,29(2):280-284.Li Qingfeng.Animal demanding-feed availability balance control series studies(5)-herbage yield monthly change[J].Pratacultural Science,2012,29(2):280-284.
[13] 郑晓翾,王瑞东,靳甜甜,等.呼伦贝尔草原不同草地利用方式下生物多样性与生物量的关系[J].生态学报,2008,28(17):5392-5400.Zheng Xiaoxuan,Wang Ruidong,Jin Tiantian,et al.Relationships between biodiversity and biomass under different regimes of grassland use in Hulunbeir,Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(17):5392-5400.
[14] 张俊刚.不同改良措施对退化草地群落和土壤特征的影响[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2016.Zhang Jungang.Effect of different improvement measures on charactrisics of communities and soil of degradated grassland[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University,2016.
[15] 武建双,李晓佳,沈振西,等.藏北高寒草地样带物种多样性沿降水梯度的分布格局[J].草地学报,2012,21(3):17-25.Wu Jianshuang,Li Xiaojia,Shen Zhenxi,et al.Species diversity distribution pattern of alpine grasslands communities along a precipitation gradient across northern Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2012,21(3):17-25.
[16] 王军峰,沙志鹏,关法春,等.移栽措施对西藏退化草地生物量和植物多样性的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2015,20(1):103-109.Wang Junfeng,Sha Zhipeng,Guan Fachun,et al.Effect of transplanting on the grassland biomass and the plant diversity in the region of the Brahmaputra river in Tibet[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2015,20(1):103-109.
[17] 段敏杰,高清竹,万运帆,等.放牧对藏北紫花针茅高寒草原植物群落特征的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(14):3892-3900.Duan Minjie,Gao Qingzhu,Wan Yunfan,et al.Effect of grazing on community characteristics and species diversity of Stipa purpurea alpine grassland in northern Tibet[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(14):3892-3900.
[18] 朱桂林,卫智军,杨静,等.放牧制度对短花针茅群落植物种群地上生物量的影响[J].中国草地,2002,24(3):15-19.Zhu Guilin,Wei Zhijun,Yang Jing,et al.The effects of grazing systems on the above-ground biomass of the plants in Stipa breviflora community[J].Grassland of China,2002,24(3):15-19.