洛川典型剖面黄土的非饱和参数测试与分析
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摘要
土-水特征曲线是反映非饱和土基本特性的本构曲线,是土质斜坡非饱和渗流和力学机制分析中的重要参数。但受限于实验设备和测试技术等条件的限制,使得土-水特征曲线的测试耗时长、难度大,且多数测试方法难以实现全吸力范围内(0～10~6kPa)的曲线测定,间接获取土-水特性曲线的模型拟合法,通常又存在因参数多解性而导致的结果失真等问题。现有的黄土高原非饱和特征曲线测试结果多集中于马兰黄土(L_1),而其下的几十层黄土、古土壤的测试尚基本属于空白。笔者基于TRIM试验测试技术,对洛川黄土剖面的29层黄土-古土壤序列进行测试,获取了土-水特征曲线、吸应力特征曲线和渗透系数函数等系列参数,建立了黄土高原非饱和黄土工程特性标准剖面。通过对各参数综合分析发现,各物性参数在垂向上随深度呈现相似的变化规律,且均在黄土-古土壤的接触带参数变化较大;粘土矿物成分和孔隙结构特征是影响非饱和土-水特征曲线的重要参数,且与曲线参数α、n存在一定的非线性关系。
Soil-water characteristic curve(SWCC)is the constitutive-curve to reflect the basic characteristics of unsaturated soil,which plays an important role in seepage and mechanical mechanism analysis for unsaturated slope.However,subjected to the limitation of experimental equipment and testing technique,it is usually time consuming and difficult to acquire the soil-water characteristic curves.It is difficult to acquire the SWCC in a whole suction range(0～10~6 kPa)for the existing testing methods.Problems such as distorted results caused by multiplicity of inversion and interpretation are common.The existing tested SWCC are mainly focused on the Malan loess(L_1),and the results for its following layers of loess and paleosol soil is almost blank.Take the Luochuan loess section at Yan'an city Shaanxi province as an example,the basic physical parameters,the material contents and the SWCCs have been experimented for the 29 layers of loess and paleosol soil by introducing the Transient Release and Imbibition Method(TRIM)technique has been introduced in this paper.And the standard profile for unsaturated engineering properties is established.Based on the comprehensive analysis of the parameters,it is observed that the different physical parameters of the soils at each layer change with depth similarly,and vary greatly at the transitional zone between loess and paleosol soil.Clay mineral contents and pore structure characteristics are two key factors affecting the SWCC,and they are nonlinearly corelated to the parameters ofαand n.
Soil-water characteristic curve(SWCC)is the constitutive-curve to reflect the basic characteristics of unsaturated soil,which plays an important role in seepage and mechanical mechanism analysis for unsaturated slope.However,subjected to the limitation of experimental equipment and testing technique,it is usually time consuming and difficult to acquire the soil-water characteristic curves.It is difficult to acquire the SWCC in a whole suction range(0～10~6 kPa)for the existing testing methods.Problems such as distorted results caused by multiplicity of inversion and interpretation are common.The existing tested SWCC are mainly focused on the Malan loess(L_1),and the results for its following layers of loess and paleosol soil is almost blank.Take the Luochuan loess section at Yan'an city Shaanxi province as an example,the basic physical parameters,the material contents and the SWCCs have been experimented for the 29 layers of loess and paleosol soil by introducing the Transient Release and Imbibition Method(TRIM)technique has been introduced in this paper.And the standard profile for unsaturated engineering properties is established.Based on the comprehensive analysis of the parameters,it is observed that the different physical parameters of the soils at each layer change with depth similarly,and vary greatly at the transitional zone between loess and paleosol soil.Clay mineral contents and pore structure characteristics are two key factors affecting the SWCC,and they are nonlinearly corelated to the parameters ofαand n.
引文
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张建雄,唐万生.基于混沌遗传算法的一类非线性两层混合整数规划问题求解[J].系统工程理论方法应用,2005,14(5):429-433.ZHANG Jianxiong,TANG Wansheng.Chaos genetic algorithm method for a class of nonlinear level mixed integer programming problem[J].Systems Engineering:Theory Methodology Applications,2005,14(5):429-433(in Chinese).
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冯立,张茂省,孙萍萍,等.非饱和土脱湿与吸湿水力特性对比研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2016,43(2):134-139.FENG Li,ZHANG Maoshegn,SUN Pingping,et al.Astudy of the hydro-mechanical properties of unsaturated loess under the dying and wetting path[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2016,43(2):134-139.
LU N.,LIKOS W.J.Suction stress characteristic curve for unsaturated soil[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering.2006,48(9):131-142.
SHRESTHA R.,RODE M.Multi-objective calibration and fuzzy preference selection of a distributed hydrological model[J].Environmental Modeling and Software,2008,23(12):1394-1395.
FREDLUND,D.G.and RAHARDJO,H.Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils[M].New York,John Wiley&Sons.1993.
MILLER,C.J.,YESILLER,N.,YALDO,K.,et al.Impact of soil type and compaction conditions on soil water characteristic[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2002,128(9),733-742.
MBONIMAP,M.,AUBERTIN,M.,MAQUSOUD,A.,et al.Predictive model for the water retention curve of deformable clayey soils[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2006,132(9):1121-1132.
GARDNER W.R.Some steady-state solutions of the unsaturated moisture flow equation with application to evaporation from a water table[J].Soil Science,1958,85(4):228-232.
VAN GENUCHTEN,M.T.A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(5):892-898.
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PHAM,H.Q.,FREDLUND,D.G.and BARBOUR,S.L.A study of hysteresis models for soil-water characteristic curves[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2005,42(6):1548-1568.
NUTH,M.and LALOUI,L.Advances in modeling hysteretic water retention curve in deformable soils[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2008,35(6):835-844.
MUALEM,Y.and BERIOZKIN,A.General scaling rules of the hysteretic water retention function based on Mualem`s domain theory[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2009,60(4):652-661.
MIN,T.K.and HUY,P.T.A soil-water hysteresis model for unsaturated sands based on fuzzy set plasticity theory[J],KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering,2010,14(2):165-172.
MILLER,C.J.,YESILLER,N.,YALDO,K.,et al.Impact of soil type and compaction conditions on soil water characteristic[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2002,128(9):733-742.
ROMERO,E.,GENS,A.and LLORET,A.Temperature effects on the hydraulic behavior of an unsaturated clay[J],Geo-technical and Geological Engineering,2001,19(3-4):311-332.
IMBERT,C.,OLCHITZKY,E.,LASSABATERE,T.,et al.Evaluation of a thermal criterion for an engineered barrier system[J].Engineering Geology,2005,81(3):269-283.
ASTM.Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Soil Water Characteristic Curve for Desorption Using Hanging Column,Pressure Extractor,Chilled Mirror Hygrometer,or Centrifuge,Annual Book of ASTM Standards,D6836,2008,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.
SPANNER,D.C.The peltier effect and its use in the measurement of suction pressure[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,1951,11:145-168.
GEE,G.W.,CAMPBELL,M.D.,CAMPBELL,G.S.,et al.Rapid measurement of low soil-water potentials using a water activity meter[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1992,56(4):1068-1070.
HOUSTON,S.L.,HOUSTON,W.N.and WAGNER,A.Laboratory filter paper suction measurements[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,1994,17(2):185-194.
ZORNBERG,J.G.and MCCARTNEY,J.Centrifuge permeameter for unsaturated Soils.I:Theoretical Basis and Experimental Developments[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2010,136(8):1051-1063.
LI Ping,LI Tonglu and VANAPALLI.Prediction of soilwater characteristic curve for Malan loess in Loess Plateau of China[J].J.Cent.South Univ.,2018,25:432-447.
吕峰,石敏,吴丹雯,等.基于GA的BP神经网络模型的研究及应用[J].武汉理工大学学报,2002,24(2):63-66.LV Feng,SHI Min,WU Danwen,et al.Study and application of BP neural network model based on genetic algorithm[J].Journal of Wuhan University of Technology,2002,24(2):63-66.
张建雄,唐万生.基于混沌遗传算法的一类非线性两层混合整数规划问题求解[J].系统工程理论方法应用,2005,14(5):429-433.ZHANG Jianxiong,TANG Wansheng.Chaos genetic algorithm method for a class of nonlinear level mixed integer programming problem[J].Systems Engineering:Theory Methodology Applications,2005,14(5):429-433(in Chinese).
刘东生.黄土与环境[M].北京:科学出版社,1985.LIIU Dongsheng.Loess and environment[M].Beijing:China Science Publishing&Media Ltd,1985.
张宗祜.中国黄土[M].北京:地质出版社,1989.ZHANG Zonghu.Loess in China[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1989.
王永炎,林在贯.中国黄土的结构特征及物理力学性质[M].北京:科学出版社,1990.WANG Yongyan,LIN Zaiguan.Structure characteristics,physical and mechanical properties for loess in China[M].Beijign:China Science Publishing&Media Ltd,1990.
李萍.黄土中水分迁移规律研究[D].西安:长安大学,2013LI Ping.Study on the regularities of water migration in unsaturated loess[D].Xi'an:Chan'an University,2013.
冯立,张茂省,孙萍萍,等.非饱和土脱湿与吸湿水力特性对比研究[J].水文地质工程地质,2016,43(2):134-139.FENG Li,ZHANG Maoshegn,SUN Pingping,et al.Astudy of the hydro-mechanical properties of unsaturated loess under the dying and wetting path[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2016,43(2):134-139.
LU N.,LIKOS W.J.Suction stress characteristic curve for unsaturated soil[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering.2006,48(9):131-142.
SHRESTHA R.,RODE M.Multi-objective calibration and fuzzy preference selection of a distributed hydrological model[J].Environmental Modeling and Software,2008,23(12):1394-1395.
FREDLUND,D.G.and RAHARDJO,H.Soil mechanics for unsaturated soils[M].New York,John Wiley&Sons.1993.
MILLER,C.J.,YESILLER,N.,YALDO,K.,et al.Impact of soil type and compaction conditions on soil water characteristic[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2002,128(9),733-742.
MBONIMAP,M.,AUBERTIN,M.,MAQUSOUD,A.,et al.Predictive model for the water retention curve of deformable clayey soils[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2006,132(9):1121-1132.
GARDNER W.R.Some steady-state solutions of the unsaturated moisture flow equation with application to evaporation from a water table[J].Soil Science,1958,85(4):228-232.
VAN GENUCHTEN,M.T.A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1980,44(5):892-898.
LI,X.S.Modeling of hysteresis response for arbitrary wetting/drying paths[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2005,32(2):133-137.
PHAM,H.Q.,FREDLUND,D.G.and BARBOUR,S.L.A study of hysteresis models for soil-water characteristic curves[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2005,42(6):1548-1568.
NUTH,M.and LALOUI,L.Advances in modeling hysteretic water retention curve in deformable soils[J].Computers and Geotechnics,2008,35(6):835-844.
MUALEM,Y.and BERIOZKIN,A.General scaling rules of the hysteretic water retention function based on Mualem`s domain theory[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2009,60(4):652-661.
MIN,T.K.and HUY,P.T.A soil-water hysteresis model for unsaturated sands based on fuzzy set plasticity theory[J],KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering,2010,14(2):165-172.
MILLER,C.J.,YESILLER,N.,YALDO,K.,et al.Impact of soil type and compaction conditions on soil water characteristic[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2002,128(9):733-742.
ROMERO,E.,GENS,A.and LLORET,A.Temperature effects on the hydraulic behavior of an unsaturated clay[J],Geo-technical and Geological Engineering,2001,19(3-4):311-332.
IMBERT,C.,OLCHITZKY,E.,LASSABATERE,T.,et al.Evaluation of a thermal criterion for an engineered barrier system[J].Engineering Geology,2005,81(3):269-283.
ASTM.Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Soil Water Characteristic Curve for Desorption Using Hanging Column,Pressure Extractor,Chilled Mirror Hygrometer,or Centrifuge,Annual Book of ASTM Standards,D6836,2008,ASTM International,West Conshohocken,PA.
SPANNER,D.C.The peltier effect and its use in the measurement of suction pressure[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,1951,11:145-168.
GEE,G.W.,CAMPBELL,M.D.,CAMPBELL,G.S.,et al.Rapid measurement of low soil-water potentials using a water activity meter[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1992,56(4):1068-1070.
HOUSTON,S.L.,HOUSTON,W.N.and WAGNER,A.Laboratory filter paper suction measurements[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,1994,17(2):185-194.
ZORNBERG,J.G.and MCCARTNEY,J.Centrifuge permeameter for unsaturated Soils.I:Theoretical Basis and Experimental Developments[J].Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering,2010,136(8):1051-1063.
LI Ping,LI Tonglu and VANAPALLI.Prediction of soilwater characteristic curve for Malan loess in Loess Plateau of China[J].J.Cent.South Univ.,2018,25:432-447.