北京市主要河流鱼类群落的空间格局特征
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摘要
鱼类群落空间格局对于区域人为活动的干扰具有显著的指示作用.基于2014年5月—2015年8月北京市主要河流(永定河水系、大清河水系、潮白河水系和北运河水系) 64个采样点的河流鱼类监测数据,采用聚类分析和非度量多维标度法,研究北京市主要河流鱼类群落的空间格局特征.结果表明:北京市鱼类在空间上形成了3个主要类型,包括分布于北京市主要河流上游山区的山溪型河流鱼类类型(组1),分布于北京市主要河流上游山区向下游城区过渡区域的山溪向城市河流过渡鱼类类型(组2),以及分布于北京市主要河流下游城区的城市河流鱼类类型(组3).鱼类优势度指数分析表明,组1优势种主要为拉氏鱥、宽鳍鱲、棒花鱼、北方须鳅和中华花鳅,组2优势种为鲫鱼、宽鳍鱲、棒花鱼、麦穗鱼、黑鳍鳈、中华花鳅和波氏吻虾虎,组3优势种为鲫鱼、麦穗鱼和泥鳅.与历史监测资料比较,北京市鱼类生物多样性总体呈下降趋势,共有12种野生鱼类未能在野外监测中发现.北京市山区和过渡区域河流中保持了较高的生物多样性,受城市化和人类活动干扰的影响,城市河流的鱼类退化明显,物种组成以高耐污类群为主,群落结构呈现单一化.研究显示,北京市城市化过程对区域鱼类生物多样性下降具有显著影响,鱼类群落的空间格局分异加剧,与区域人为活动扰动的强度密切相关.
The spatial pattern of fish community is broadly used for indicating the disturbance of human activities. We surveyed 64 sites to get the fish community data in some important rivers of Beijing region from May 2014 to August 2015( Yongding River,Qinghe River,Chaobai River,and Beiyun River). The cluster analysis and non-matric multidimensional scaling methods were used for illuminating the spatial patterns of the fish community. The results showed the fish communities in these rivers could be divided into three types: the upstream mountain area type( group 1),the transitional area type( group 2) and the downstream urban area type( group 3). Group 1 was dominated by Phoxinus lagowskii,Zacco platypus,Abbottina rivularis,Barbatula nuda,Cobitis sinensis,Carassius auratus,Zacco platypus,Abbottina rivularis. Group 2 was dominated by Pseudorasbora parva, Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis, Cobitis sinensis and Rhinogobius cliffordpopei. However,there were only three species dominating group 3: Carassius auratus,Pseudorasbora parva,and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. For the overall fish diversity,twelve wild species were not recorded which showed a declining trend in comparing with the historical data. Spatially,the fish diversity in the mountainous and transitional areas were relatively higher than that in the downstream urban area which was usually affected by anthropogenic activities. At the same time,the fish communities in the urban areas were mainly composed of tolerant species. The results implied that the urbanization process which was caused by the human activities had a significant effect on fish diversity,leading to the spatial variations of the fish communities and the diversity patterns along the rivers which flows through the urban areas.
The spatial pattern of fish community is broadly used for indicating the disturbance of human activities. We surveyed 64 sites to get the fish community data in some important rivers of Beijing region from May 2014 to August 2015( Yongding River,Qinghe River,Chaobai River,and Beiyun River). The cluster analysis and non-matric multidimensional scaling methods were used for illuminating the spatial patterns of the fish community. The results showed the fish communities in these rivers could be divided into three types: the upstream mountain area type( group 1),the transitional area type( group 2) and the downstream urban area type( group 3). Group 1 was dominated by Phoxinus lagowskii,Zacco platypus,Abbottina rivularis,Barbatula nuda,Cobitis sinensis,Carassius auratus,Zacco platypus,Abbottina rivularis. Group 2 was dominated by Pseudorasbora parva, Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis, Cobitis sinensis and Rhinogobius cliffordpopei. However,there were only three species dominating group 3: Carassius auratus,Pseudorasbora parva,and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. For the overall fish diversity,twelve wild species were not recorded which showed a declining trend in comparing with the historical data. Spatially,the fish diversity in the mountainous and transitional areas were relatively higher than that in the downstream urban area which was usually affected by anthropogenic activities. At the same time,the fish communities in the urban areas were mainly composed of tolerant species. The results implied that the urbanization process which was caused by the human activities had a significant effect on fish diversity,leading to the spatial variations of the fish communities and the diversity patterns along the rivers which flows through the urban areas.
引文
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[2]石维,侯思琰,崔文彦,等.基于河流生态类型划分的海河流域平原河流生态需水量计算[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(10):1892-1899.SHI Wei,HOU Siyan,CUI Wenyan,et al.Calculation of the ecological water demand of plain rivers within Haihe River Basin based on river ecological type classification[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2010,29(10):1892-1899.
[3]徐志侠,王浩,陈敏建,等.基于生态系统分析的河道最小生态需水计算方法研究(Ⅱ)[J].水利水电技术,2005,36(1):31-34.XU Zhixia,WANG Hao,CHEN Minjian,et al.Research on methods of minimum ecological water requirements in river based on analysis of ecosystem(Ⅱ)[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2005,36(1):31-34.
[4]夏豪,黄川友,欧祖宏.河流生态需水量研究进展[J].西南民族大学学报(自然科学版),2006,32(4):808-818.XIA Hao,HUANG Chuanyou,OU Zuhong.Research progress in ecological water demand of rivers[J].Journal of Southwest Minzu University(Natural Science Edition),2006,32(4):808-818.
[5]徐志侠,陈敏建,董增川.基于生态系统分析的河道最小生态需水计算方法研究(Ⅰ)[J].水利水电技术,2004,35(12):15-18.XU Zhixia,CHEN Minjian,DONG Zengchuan.Research on methods of minimum ecological water requirements in river based on analysis of ecosystem(Ⅰ)[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2004,35(12):15-18.
[6]刘伟,张远,高欣,等.浑河流域2010-2014年的鱼类群落和水生态健康变化分析[J].水生生物学报,2016,40(5):968-977.LIU Wei,ZHANG Yuan,GAO Xin,et al.Variation of fish community structure and water system conditions from 2010 to 2014in Hun River of Liaoning Province,northeast part of China[J].Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica,2016,40(5):968-977.
[7]王晓宁,彭世贤,张亚,等.滦河流域鱼类群落结构空间异质性与影响因子分析[J].环境科学研究,2018,31(2):273-282.WANG Xiaoning,PENG Shixian,ZHANG Ya,et al.Analysis of fish community spatial heterogeneity and its driving factors in the Luanhe River Basin[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2018,31(2):273-282.
[8]TRAUTWEIN C,SCHINEGGER R,SCHMUTZ S.Cumulative effects of land use on fish metrics in different types of running waters in Austria[J].Aquatic Sciences,2012,74(2):329-341.
[9]HARRIS J H.The use of fish in ecological assessments[J].Austral Ecology,1995,20(1):65-80.
[10]王秀英,白音包力皋,许凤冉.基于水生态保护目标的河道内生态需水量研究[J].水利水电技术,2016,47(2):63-68.WANG Xiuying,Baiyinbaoligao,XU Fengran.Aquatic ecosystem protection objective-based study on eco-water demand of river channel[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2016,47(2):63-68.
[11]冯夏清,章光新,尹雄锐.基于生态保护目标的太子河下游河道生态需水量计算[J].环境科学学报,2010,30(7):1466-1471.FENG Xiaqing,ZHANG Guangxin,YIN Xiongrui.Calculation of ecological water requirements in the lower reaches of the Taizi River based on ecological protection objectives[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2010,30(7):1466-1471.
[12]潘炯华,刘成汉,古华民.利用聚类分析法对我国淡水鱼类分布区划的初步探讨[J].华南师范大学学报,1985(1):86-95.PAN Jionghua,LIU Chenghan,GU Huamin.Chinese zoogeographical subregions of fishes:a tentative approach[J].Journal of South China Normal University,1985(1):86-95.
[13]王伟,王冰,何旭颖,等.太子河鱼类群落结构空间分布特征[J].环境科学研究,2013,26(5):494-501.WANG Wei,WANG Bing,HE Xuying,et al.Study of zoning and distribution characteristics of fish in Taizi River[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2013,26(5):494-501.
[14]邢迎春,赵亚辉,李高岩,等.北京市怀沙-怀九河市级水生野生动物保护区鱼类物种多样性及其资源保护[J].动物学杂志,2007,42(1):29-38.XING Yingchun,ZHAO Yahui,LI Gaoyan,et al.Fish species diversity and conservation in the aquatic nature reserve of the Huaisha-Huaijiu rivers,Beijing[J].Chinese Journal of Zoology,2007,42(1):29-38.
[15]PAUKERT C P,PITTS K L,WHITTIER J B,et al.Development and assessment of a landscape-scale ecological threat index for the Lower Colorado River Basin[J].Ecological Indicators,2011,11(2):304-310.
[16]GROVES C R.Drafting a conservation blueprint:a practitioner's guide to planning for biodiversity[M].Washington DC:Island Press,2003.
[17]刘斌,张远,渠晓东,等.辽河干流自然保护区鱼类群落结构及其多样性变化[J].淡水渔业,2013,43(3):49-55.LIU Bin,ZHANG Yuan,QU Xiaodong,et al.Community structure and diversity of fishes in the Liao River Nature Reserve[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2013,43(3):49-55.
[18]张春光,赵业辉.北京及其邻近地区的鱼类[M].北京:科学出版社,2013.
[19]王鸿媛.北京鱼类志[M].北京:北京出版社,1984.
[20]李思忠.中国淡水鱼类的分布区划[M].北京:科学出版社,1981.
[21]成庆泰,郑葆珊.中国鱼类系统检索[M].北京:科学出版社,1987.
[22]王忠锁,陈明华,吕偲,等.鄱阳湖银鱼多样性及其时空格局[J].生态学报,2006,26(5):1337-1344.WANG Zhongsuo,CHEN Minghua,LU Cai,et al.Species diversity and spatio-temporal distribution patterns of icefishes(Salangidae)in Poyang Lake[J].Acat Ecologica Sinica,2006,26(5):1337-1344.
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