Surface-enhanced Raman scattering on nanodiamond-derived carbon onions
|
摘要
Annealing nanodiamonds(ND) at high temperatures up to 1700 ℃ is a common method to synthesize carbon onions. The transformation from NDs to carbon onions is particularly interesting because of carbon onions' potential in the field of tribology and their application in ultra-charge/discharge devices. In this paper, a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering technique that involves coating the sample with nanoscopic gold particles is proposed to characterize the NDs after different annealing treatments. Conventional Raman and surfaceenhanced Raman spectra were obtained, and the changes of peak parameters as the function of annealing temperature were evaluated. It was found that the widths of the D and the G peaks decreased with increasing annealing temperature, reflecting an improved order in the sp~2-hybridized carbon during the transformation from NDs to carbon onions. After annealing at 1700 ℃, the sp~2?carbon was highly ordered, indicating desirable electrical conductivity and lubricity. With increasing annealing temperature, the D peak showed a blue shift of almost30 cm~(-1), while the G peak merely shifted by 5 cm~(-1). For annealing temperatures above 1100 ℃, an increase of intensity ratio ID/IGwas observed. Compared to the uncoated area, red shifts of 0.5-2 cm~(-1) and of 5-9 cm~(-1) for the G and D peaks, respectively, were detected for the gold-coated area, which was due to the coupling of the plasmons and the phonons of the samples.
Annealing nanodiamonds(ND) at high temperatures up to 1700 ℃ is a common method to synthesize carbon onions. The transformation from NDs to carbon onions is particularly interesting because of carbon onions' potential in the field of tribology and their application in ultra-charge/discharge devices. In this paper, a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering technique that involves coating the sample with nanoscopic gold particles is proposed to characterize the NDs after different annealing treatments. Conventional Raman and surfaceenhanced Raman spectra were obtained, and the changes of peak parameters as the function of annealing temperature were evaluated. It was found that the widths of the D and the G peaks decreased with increasing annealing temperature, reflecting an improved order in the sp~2-hybridized carbon during the transformation from NDs to carbon onions. After annealing at 1700 ℃, the sp~2?carbon was highly ordered, indicating desirable electrical conductivity and lubricity. With increasing annealing temperature, the D peak showed a blue shift of almost30 cm~(-1), while the G peak merely shifted by 5 cm~(-1). For annealing temperatures above 1100 ℃, an increase of intensity ratio ID/IGwas observed. Compared to the uncoated area, red shifts of 0.5-2 cm~(-1) and of 5-9 cm~(-1) for the G and D peaks, respectively, were detected for the gold-coated area, which was due to the coupling of the plasmons and the phonons of the samples.
Annealing nanodiamonds(ND) at high temperatures up to 1700 ℃ is a common method to synthesize carbon onions. The transformation from NDs to carbon onions is particularly interesting because of carbon onions' potential in the field of tribology and their application in ultra-charge/discharge devices. In this paper, a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering technique that involves coating the sample with nanoscopic gold particles is proposed to characterize the NDs after different annealing treatments. Conventional Raman and surfaceenhanced Raman spectra were obtained, and the changes of peak parameters as the function of annealing temperature were evaluated. It was found that the widths of the D and the G peaks decreased with increasing annealing temperature, reflecting an improved order in the sp~2-hybridized carbon during the transformation from NDs to carbon onions. After annealing at 1700 ℃, the sp~2?carbon was highly ordered, indicating desirable electrical conductivity and lubricity. With increasing annealing temperature, the D peak showed a blue shift of almost30 cm~(-1), while the G peak merely shifted by 5 cm~(-1). For annealing temperatures above 1100 ℃, an increase of intensity ratio ID/IGwas observed. Compared to the uncoated area, red shifts of 0.5-2 cm~(-1) and of 5-9 cm~(-1) for the G and D peaks, respectively, were detected for the gold-coated area, which was due to the coupling of the plasmons and the phonons of the samples.
引文
1.Ugarte D.Curling and closure of graphitic networks under electron-beam irradiation.Nature 1992;359(6397):707-9.
2.Bartelmess J, Giordani S.Carbon nano-onions(multi-layer fullerenes):chemistry and applications.Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2014;5:1980-98.
3.Chunnian H, Naiqin Z, Chunsheng S, Xiwen D, Jiajun L.Carbon nanotubes and onions from methane decomposition using Ni/Al catalysts.Mater Chem Phys 2006;97(1):109-15.
4.Sano N, Wang H, Chhowalla M, Alexandrou I, Amaratunga G.Nanotechnology:synthesis of carbon ‘onions’ in water.Nature 2001;414(6863):506-7.
5.Lange H, Sioda M, Huczko A, Zhu Y, Kroto H, Walton D.Nanocarbon production by arc discharge in water.Carbon 2003;41(8):1617-23.
6.Kuznetsov VL, Chuvilin AL, Butenko YV, Mal'kov IY, Titov VM.Onion-like carbon from ultra-disperse diamond.Chem Phys Lett 1994;222(4):343-8.
7.Chen J, Deng S, Chen J, Yu Z, Xu N.Graphitization of nanodiamond powder annealed in argon ambient.Appl Phys Lett 1999;74(24):3651-3.
8.Rosenkranz A, Freeman L, Fleischmann S, Lasserre F, Fainman Y, Talke FE.Tipenhanced Raman spectroscopy studies of nanodiamonds and carbon onions.Carbon2018;132:495-502.
9.Zongwei X, Zhongdu H, Ying S, et al.Topic review:application of Raman spectroscopy characterization in micro/nano-machining.Micromachines2018;9(7).
10.Jinping C, Junyan P, Zongwei X.Study on SERS substrates fabricated by spin selfassembly colloidal nanospheres.Nanotechnol Precis Eng 2018;1:1-8.
11.He Y, Yan Y, Geng Y, Brousseau E.Fabrication of periodic nanostructures using dynamic plowing lithography with the tip of an atomic force microscope.Appl Surf Sci 2018;427:1076-83.
12.Zeiger M, Jackel N, Mochalin VN, Presser V.Review:carbon onions for electrochemical energy storage.J Mater Chem A 2016;4:3172-96.
13.Hongxing X, Javier A, Mikael K, Peter A.Electromagnetic contributions to singlemolecule sensitivity in surface-enhanced Raman scattering.Phys Rev E 2000;62:4318-24.
14.Bogdanov K, Fedorov A, Osipov V, et al.Annealing-induced structural changes of carbon onions:high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman studies.Carbon 2014;73:78-86.
15.Ferrari AC, Robertson J.Raman spectroscopy of amorphous, nanostructured,diamond-like carbon, and nanodiamond.Philos Trans R Soc London, Ser A2004;362(1824):2477-512.
16.Cebik J, McDonough JK, Peerally F, et al.Raman spectroscopy study of the Nanodiamond-to-carbon onion transformation.Nanotechnology 2013;24(20),205703.
17.Ferrari AC.Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite:disorder, electron–phonon coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects.Solid State Commun 2007;143:47-57.
18.Chafai M, Jaouhari A, Torres A, et al.Raman scattering from LO phonon-plasmon coupled modes and Hall-effect in n-type silicon carbide 4H-SiC.J Appl Phys2001;90(10):5211-5.
19.Harima H, Nakashima S, Uemura T.Raman scattering from anisotropic LO phonon–plasmon–coupled mode in n-type 4H–and 6H–Si C.J Appl Phys 1995;78:1996-2005.
2.Bartelmess J, Giordani S.Carbon nano-onions(multi-layer fullerenes):chemistry and applications.Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2014;5:1980-98.
3.Chunnian H, Naiqin Z, Chunsheng S, Xiwen D, Jiajun L.Carbon nanotubes and onions from methane decomposition using Ni/Al catalysts.Mater Chem Phys 2006;97(1):109-15.
4.Sano N, Wang H, Chhowalla M, Alexandrou I, Amaratunga G.Nanotechnology:synthesis of carbon ‘onions’ in water.Nature 2001;414(6863):506-7.
5.Lange H, Sioda M, Huczko A, Zhu Y, Kroto H, Walton D.Nanocarbon production by arc discharge in water.Carbon 2003;41(8):1617-23.
6.Kuznetsov VL, Chuvilin AL, Butenko YV, Mal'kov IY, Titov VM.Onion-like carbon from ultra-disperse diamond.Chem Phys Lett 1994;222(4):343-8.
7.Chen J, Deng S, Chen J, Yu Z, Xu N.Graphitization of nanodiamond powder annealed in argon ambient.Appl Phys Lett 1999;74(24):3651-3.
8.Rosenkranz A, Freeman L, Fleischmann S, Lasserre F, Fainman Y, Talke FE.Tipenhanced Raman spectroscopy studies of nanodiamonds and carbon onions.Carbon2018;132:495-502.
9.Zongwei X, Zhongdu H, Ying S, et al.Topic review:application of Raman spectroscopy characterization in micro/nano-machining.Micromachines2018;9(7).
10.Jinping C, Junyan P, Zongwei X.Study on SERS substrates fabricated by spin selfassembly colloidal nanospheres.Nanotechnol Precis Eng 2018;1:1-8.
11.He Y, Yan Y, Geng Y, Brousseau E.Fabrication of periodic nanostructures using dynamic plowing lithography with the tip of an atomic force microscope.Appl Surf Sci 2018;427:1076-83.
12.Zeiger M, Jackel N, Mochalin VN, Presser V.Review:carbon onions for electrochemical energy storage.J Mater Chem A 2016;4:3172-96.
13.Hongxing X, Javier A, Mikael K, Peter A.Electromagnetic contributions to singlemolecule sensitivity in surface-enhanced Raman scattering.Phys Rev E 2000;62:4318-24.
14.Bogdanov K, Fedorov A, Osipov V, et al.Annealing-induced structural changes of carbon onions:high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Raman studies.Carbon 2014;73:78-86.
15.Ferrari AC, Robertson J.Raman spectroscopy of amorphous, nanostructured,diamond-like carbon, and nanodiamond.Philos Trans R Soc London, Ser A2004;362(1824):2477-512.
16.Cebik J, McDonough JK, Peerally F, et al.Raman spectroscopy study of the Nanodiamond-to-carbon onion transformation.Nanotechnology 2013;24(20),205703.
17.Ferrari AC.Raman spectroscopy of graphene and graphite:disorder, electron–phonon coupling, doping and nonadiabatic effects.Solid State Commun 2007;143:47-57.
18.Chafai M, Jaouhari A, Torres A, et al.Raman scattering from LO phonon-plasmon coupled modes and Hall-effect in n-type silicon carbide 4H-SiC.J Appl Phys2001;90(10):5211-5.
19.Harima H, Nakashima S, Uemura T.Raman scattering from anisotropic LO phonon–plasmon–coupled mode in n-type 4H–and 6H–Si C.J Appl Phys 1995;78:1996-2005.