摘要
This study assesses the application of rationalization techniques in oil refineries to preserve freshwater resources. These techniques include conservation, recycling and reuse of water and Pinch technique. Several refineries in the world use treated household wastewater. In Brazil, a country with expanding refining capacity, this practice is planned for two refineries. Water conservation and recycling initiatives also hold promise, including reduction of losses, replacement of cooling towers with smaller units and recycling of blowdown into cooling towers and steam generation systems. Some technologies gain importance for wastewater reuse, such as ion exchange, nanofiltration and advanced oxidative processes. Finally, the application of the Pinch technique reduces the withdrawal of water and its associated costs. Thus, this method is appropriate in areas with scarce water, where some new Brazilian refineries are slated for construction.