The relationship between energy-resource depletion, climate change, health resources and the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from the panel of selected developed countries
摘要
The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between energy-resource depletion, climate change, health resources and the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) under the financial constraint environment in the panel of selected developed countries, over the period of 2000–2013. The study employed panel Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimate for robust inferences. The results confirmed the existence of EKC hypothesis in the energy-resource depletion model i.e., inverted U-shaped relationship between energy-resource depletion and GDP per capita in the selected developed countries. The results of climate change model confirmed the U-shaped relationship of Perfluorocarbons (PFC) gas emission and Particulate Matter-2.5 micrometers (PM2.5) emissions with the per capita income. The health resource model confirmed the existence of inverted U-shaped relationship of infant deaths and health expenditures per capita with the per capita income, while there is a U-shaped relationship between incidence of Tuberculosis (TB) and GDP per capita. The other results indicate that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions increase Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) emissions and health expenditures; fossil fuel energy consumption increases PFC gas emissions and PM2.5 emissions; energy demand increases PM2.5 emissions and health expenditures; and financial dummy (D2008) affected energy-resource depletion, PM2.5 emissions, Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions index, infant deaths, and health expenditures per capita.