摘要
The increasing penetration of renewable generation in the electric power system has been leading to a higher complexity of grid management due to its inherent intermittency, also with impact on the volatility of electricity prices. Setting the adequate operating reserve levels is one of the main concerns of the System Operator (SO), since the integration of a large share of intermittent generation requires an increased amount of reserve that is needed to balance generation and load. At the same time, the energy consumption in households has been steadily growing, representing a significant untapped savings potential due to consumption waste and load flexibility (i.e., the possibility of time deferring the use of some loads). An aggregator has been designed to operate as an intermediary between individual energy management systems and the SO/Energy Market, capable of facilitating a load follows supply strategy in a Smart Grid context. The aggregator is aimed at using the flexibility provided by each end-user aggregated into clusters of demand-side resources to satisfy system service requirements, involving lowering or increasing the power requested in each time slot. This contributes to the balance between load and supply and coping with the intermittency of renewable sources, thus offering an attractive alternative to supply side investments in peak and reserve generation. For this purpose, a multi-objective optimization model has been developed to maximize the aggregator profits, taking into account revenues from the SO/Energy Market and payments to end-user clusters, and minimize the inequity between the amounts of load flexibility provided by the clusters to satisfy grid requests. An approach based on an evolutionary algorithm coupled with a differential evolution algorithm has been designed to deal with this model.