摘要
The development and use of lake ecosystem models are discussed as an essential part of integrated studies of lake ecosystem, the processes of eutrophication and matter transport and transformation for solving the problems of rational use of the natural resources of a water body, preservation of high water quality, prediction of the further development of lake ecosystems under the effect of anthropogenic and climate factors. Description is given to models that can be formulated as boundary value problems for systems of one-, two-, or three-dimensional transport differential equations for both reactive and nonreactive solutes in water. Those equations include nonlinear operators, describing the transformation of living and dead organic matter (phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos, detritus) and dissolved biogenic substances (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicon). The possibility to construct models including fish, macrophytes, and dissolved oxygen and its exchange with the atmosphere through water surface is discussed. Modern numerical methods are used to implement the models formulated as systems of differential equations. The need to introduce stochasticity is demonstrated. Additionally, models, whose formulation and implementation involves methods of fuzzy sets, artificial intellect, as well as logical-linguistic and cognitive models are described.