Cold tolerant Korean pines were grown on the northern Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) and eastern parts of Republic of Korea (ROK) with high mountains and hostile climate but absent from the western and southern lowlands of ROK showing low elevation and mild climate. Warmth tolerant red pines were present nation-wide, apart from the northern high mountains. Reconstructed ranges of red pines based on two by-products, e.g., pine mushroom and tuckahoe, matched well with the distribution of red pines. Warmth loving torreya tree were confined in their distribution to the southwestern tips of ROK with gentle terrains and mild and wet climate, especially in the winter. Giant timber bamboo mainly occurred on the southern parts of ROK, but some in the eastern ROK. Arrow bamboo showed a broader distribution, along the coast of ROK as well as the eastern coast of DPRK.
Historical records can be used as good sources for reconstructing past vegetation change and climate change. Spatiotemporal distributional change of conifers and bamboos in the Korean Peninsula seems to be the result of both climatic change and anthropogenic cultivation, but no clear indication for the little ice age can be found from the historical vegetation.
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