Intragraft and peripheral chemokines drive immune response in solid organ transplantation.

Circulating level of chemokines, in particular CXCL10 and CXCL9, is associated with graft fate.

Pre-transplant measurement of CXCL10 and CXCL9 predicts graft rejection.

Chemokines retain high potentiality as good predictive non-invasive biomarkers for transplantation surveillance and outcome.