Intimate coupling of visible-light-responsive photocatalysis and biodegradation (VPCB) was realized.

VPCB performed greater phenol degradation efficiency than photocatalysis alone.

Photocatalytic activity of photocatalyst determined microbial responses.

Biomass at carriers' exterior detached most but well protected at the interior.

Extracellular polymeric substances content was mainly related to inhibitory level.