Sono-assisted TEMPO oxidation of oil palm lignocellulosic biomass for isolation of nanocrystalline cellulose

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• 作者：R. Rohaizu ^{roh_aizu@yahoo.com" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; W.D. Wanrosli ; ^{wanrosli@usm.my" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author}
• 关键词：Oil palm empty fruit bunch ; TCF bleaching ; Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) ; Sono-assisted TEMPO-oxidation ; Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) ; Acoustic cavitation
• 刊名：Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
• 出版年：2017
• 出版时间：January 2017
• 年：2017
• 卷：34
• 期：Complete
• 页码：631-639
• 全文大小：1539 K

文摘

Highly stable and dispersible nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was successfully isolated from oil palm empty fruit bunch microcrystalline cellulose (OPEFB-MCC), with yields of 93% via a sono-assisted TEMPO-oxidation and a subsequent sonication process. The sono-assisted treatment has a remarkable effect, resulting in an increase of more than 100% in the carboxylate content and a significant increase of approximately 39% in yield compared with the non-assisted process. TEM images reveal the OPEFB-NCC to have rod-like crystalline morphology with an average length and width of 122 and 6 nm, respectively. FTIR and solid-state ¹³C-NMR analyses suggest that oxidation of cellulose chain hydroxyl groups occurs at C6. XRD analysis shows that OPEFB-NCC consists primarily of a crystalline cellulose I structure. Both XRD and ¹³C-NMR indicate that the OPEFB-NCC has a lower crystallinity than the OPEFB-MCC starting material. Thermogravimetric analysis illustrates that OPEFB-NCC is less thermally stable than OPEFB-MCC but has a char content of 46% compared with 7% for the latter, which signifies that the carboxylate functionality acts as a flame retardant.