文摘
Low-cost 3D scalable efficient nano-spike electroporation system for efficient molecules delivery with high cell viabilities at low voltages. Fabrication of highly ordered 3D nano-spike arrays using simple, low-cost, electrochemical anodization and etching process. Fabrication of 3D NSPs on chips for microsystems as well as on wafer level for large scale high throughput processing. High EP efficiencies and cell viability фcell at much lower voltages (2V) on NSP-EP chips than those of PEP devices. NSP-EP chips minimize undesirable electrochemical reactions and electrolysis that were observed on PEP devices. Low-cost nano-spike electroporation devices enable the integration of mini-electroporator for lab-on-chip systems.