Cell Culture System for Analysis of Genetic Heterogeneity Within Hepatocellular Carcinomas and Response to Pharmacologic Agents

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• 作者：Qiang Gao¹ ; Zhi-Chao Wang¹ ; Meng Duan¹ ; Yi-Hui Lin² ; Xue-Ya Zhou³ ; Daniel L. Worthley⁴ ; Xiao-Ying Wang¹ ; Gang Niu² ; Yuchao Xia⁵ ; Minghua Deng⁵ ; Long-Zi Liu¹ ; Jie-Yi Shi¹ ; Liu-Xiao Yang¹ ; Shu Zhang¹ ; Zhen-Bin Ding¹ ; Jian Zhou¹ ; ⁶ ; Chun-Min Liang⁷ ; Ya Cao⁸ ; Lei Xiong² ; Ruibin Xi⁵ ; Yong-Yong Shi⁹ ; ^{shiyongyong@gmail.com} ; Jia Fan¹ ; ⁶ ; ^{fan.jia@zs-hospital.sh.cn}
• 关键词：Liver Cancer ; Next-Generation Sequencing ; Patient-Derived Cell Lines ; Targeted Therapy
• 刊名：Gastroenterology
• 出版年：2017
• 出版时间：January 2017
• 年：2017
• 卷：152
• 期：1
• 页码：232-242.e4
• 全文大小：2326 K
• 卷排序：152

文摘

No targeted therapies have been found to be effective against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), possibly due to the large degree of intratumor heterogeneity. We performed genetic analyses of different regions of HCCs to evaluate levels of intratumor heterogeneity and associate alterations with responses to different pharmacologic agents.MethodsWe obtained samples of HCCs (associated with hepatitis B virus infection) from 10 patients undergoing curative resection, before adjuvant therapy, at hospitals in China. We collected 4–9 spatially distinct samples from each tumor (55 regions total), performed histologic analyses, isolated cancer cells, and carried them low-passage culture. We performed whole-exome sequencing, copy-number analysis, and high-throughput screening of the cultured primary cancer cells. We tested responses of an additional 105 liver cancer cell lines to a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 4 inhibitor.ResultsWe identified a total of 3670 non-silent mutations (3192 missense, 94 splice-site variants, and 222 insertions or deletions) in the tumor samples. We observed considerable intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution in all 10 tumors; the mean percentage of heterogeneous mutations in each tumor was 39.7% (range, 12.9%–68.5%). We found significant mutation shifts toward C>T and C>G substitutions in branches of phylogenetic trees among samples from each tumor (P < .0001). Of note, 14 of the 26 oncogenic alterations (53.8%) varied among subclones that mapped to different branches. Genetic alterations that can be targeted by existing pharmacologic agents (such as those in FGF19, DDR2, PDGFRA, and TOP1) were identified in intratumor subregions from 4 HCCs and were associated with sensitivity to these agents. However, cells from the remaining subregions, which did not have these alterations, were not sensitive to these drugs. High-throughput screening identified pharmacologic agents to which these cells were sensitive, however. Overexpression of FGF19 correlated with sensitivity of cells to an inhibitor of FGFR 4; this observation was validated in 105 liver cancer cell lines (P = .0024).ConclusionsBy analyzing genetic alterations in different tumor regions of 10 HCCs, we observed extensive intratumor heterogeneity. Our patient-derived cell line-based model, integrating genetic and pharmacologic data from multiregional cancer samples, provides a platform to elucidate how intratumor heterogeneity affects sensitivity to different therapeutic agents.