Well-to-wheels energy consumption and emissions of electric vehicles: Mid-term implications from real-world features and air pollution control progress
We conduct a fine-grained WTW analysis to the city level based on real-world data and end-of-pipe control progress. Beijing’s BEVs can reduce WTW CO2 emissions than MPFI even in a coal-rich region. Increasing non-fossil power plus improved flue gas control can lower WTW NOX emissions of BEVs. This study provides a timely contribution to promote e-mobility in a megacity for sustainability concerns.