Boogers MJ, Chen J, van Bommel RJ, et al. Optimal left ventricular lead position assessed with phase analysis on gated myocardial perfusion SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;38:230–8. Article concludes that patients with LV lead position placed concordant to image-guidance showed significant improvement in LV volumes and LV systolic function, whereas patients with a discordant LV lead position showed no significant improvements.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
32.Khan FZ, Virdee MS, Fynn SP, Dutka DP. Left ventricular lead placement in cardiac resynchronization therapy: where and how? Europace. 2009;11(5):554–61.PubMed CrossRef
33.Becker M, Hoffmann R, Schmitz F. Relation of optimal lead positioning as defined by three-dimensional echocardiography to long-term benefit of cardiac resynchronization. Am J Cardiol. 2007;100(11):1671–6.PubMed CrossRef
34.Kronborg MB, Kim WY, Mortensen PT, Niesen JC. Non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging for guiding left ventricular lead position in cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2012;33(1):27–35.PubMed CrossRef
35.Uebleis C, Ulbrich M, Tegtmeyer R, et al. Electrocardiogram-gated 18F-FDG PET/CT hybrid imaging in patients with unsatisfactory response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: initial clinical results. J Nucl Med. 2011;52:67–71.PubMed CrossRef
36.Lehner S, Uebleis C, Schubler F, et al. The amount of viable and dyssynchronous myocardium is associated with response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: initial clinical results using multiparametric ECG-gated [18F] FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40:1876–83.PubMed CrossRef
37.Friehling M, Chen J, Saba S, et al. A prospective pilot study to evaluate the relationship between acute change in left ventricular synchrony after cardiac resynchronization therapy and patient outcome using a single-injection gated SPECT protocol. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:532–9.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
38.Gorcsan 3rd J, Abraham T, Agler DA. Echocardiography for cardiac resynchronization therapy: recommendations for performance and reporting—a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21:191–213.PubMed CrossRef
39.Chen J, Boogers MM, Bax JJ, Soman P, Garcia EV. The use of nuclear imaging for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2010;12:185–91.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
40.AlJaroudi W, Chen J, Jaber WA, Lloyd SG, Cerqueira MD, Markwick T. Non-echocardiographic imaging in evaluation for cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:334–43.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
41.Bax JJ, Delgado V. Myocardial viability as integral part of the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to ischemic heart failure. J Nucl Cardiol. 2015;22(2):229–45.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
42.Bleeker GB, Mollema SA, Holman ER, et al. Left ventricular resynchronization is mandatory for response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: analysis in patients with echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dyssynchrony at baseline. Circulation. 2007;116:1440–8.PubMed CrossRef
43.Chung ES, Leon AR, Tavazzi L, et al. Results of the Predictors of Response to CRT (PROSPECT) trial. Circulation. 2008;117:2608–16.PubMed CrossRef
44.Jongbloed MR, Lamb HJ, Bax JJ, et al. Noninvasive visualization of the cardiac venous system using multislice computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;45:749–53.PubMed CrossRef
45.Van de Veire NR, Schuijf JD, De Sutter J, et al. Noninvasive visualization of the cardiac venous system in coronary artery disease patients using 64-slice computed tomography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48:1832–8.PubMed CrossRef
46.Nieman K, Shapiro MD, Ferencik M, et al. Reperfused myocardial infarction: contrast-enhanced 64-section CT in comparison to MR imaging. Radiology. 2008;247:49–56.PubMed CrossRef
47.Truong QA, Singh JP, Cannon CP, et al. Quantitative analysis of intraventricular dyssynchrony using wall thickness by multidetector computed tomography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008;1:772–81.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
48.Leyva F. Cardiac resynchronization therapy guided by cardiac magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2010;12:64.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
49.Chen J, Bax JJ, Henneman MM, Boogers MJ, Garcia EV. Is nuclear imaging a viable alternative technique to assess dyssynchrony? Europace. 2008;10 Suppl 3:iii101–5.PubMed
50.Boogers MM, Chen J, Bax JJ. Myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography for the assessment of mechanical dyssynchrony. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2008;23:431–9.PubMed CrossRef
51.Boogers MM, Chen J, Bax JJ. Role of nuclear imaging in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2009;7:65–72.PubMed CrossRef
52.Schwartzman D, Chang I, Michele JJ, Mirotznik MS, Foster KR. Electrical impedance properties of normal and chronically infarcted ventricular myocardium. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 1999;3:213–24.PubMed CrossRef
53.Reddy VY, Wrobleski D, Houghtaling C, Josephson ME, Ruskin JN. Combined epicardial and endocardial electroanatomic mapping in a porcine model of healed myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2003;107:3236–42.PubMed CrossRef
54.Tedrow U, Maisel WH, Epstein LM, Soejima K, Stevenson WG. Feasibility of adjusting paced left ventricular activation by manipulating stimulus strength. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:2249–52.PubMed CrossRef
55.Breithardt OA, Stellbrink C, Kramer AP, et al. Echocardiographic quantification of left ventricular asynchrony predicts an acute hemodynamic benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:536–45.PubMed CrossRef
56.Gibbons RJ, Verani MS, Behrenbeck T, et al. Feasibility of tomographic technetium-99m-hexakis-2- methylpropyl-isonitrile imaging for the assessment of myocardial area at risk and the effect of acute treatment in myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1989;80:1277–86.PubMed CrossRef
57.O’Connor MD, Gibbons RJ, Juny JE, O’Keefe JH, Ali A. Quantitative myocardial SPECT for infarct sizing: feasibility of a multicenter trial evaluated using a cardiac phantom. J Nucl Med. 1995;36:1130–6.PubMed
58.O’Connor MK, Hammell T, Gibbons RJ. In vitro validation of a simple tomographic technique for estimation of percentage myocardium at risk using methoxyisobutyl isonitrile technetium 99m (sestamibi). Eur J Nucl Med. 1990;17:69–76.PubMed CrossRef
59.Medrano R, Lowry RW, Young JB, et al. Assessment of myocardial viability with Tc-99m sestamibi in patients undergoing cardiac transplantation. Circulation. 1996;94:1010–7.PubMed CrossRef
60.Maes AF, Borgers M, Flameng W, et al. Assessment of myocardial viability in chronic coronary artery disease using technetioum-99m sestamibi SPECT. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29:62–8.PubMed CrossRef
61.Dakik HA, Howell JF, Lawrie GM, Espada R, Weibaecher DG. Assessment of myocardial viability with 99m Tc-sestamibi tomography before coronary bypass graft surgery: correlation with histopathology and postoperative improvement in cardiac function. Circulation. 1997;96:2892–8.PubMed CrossRef
62.Riedlbauchova L, Brunken R, Jaber WA, et al. The impact of myocardial viability on the clinical outcome of cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20:50–7.PubMed CrossRef
63.Bose A, Kandala J, Upadhyay GA, et al. Impact of myocardial viability and left ventricular lead location on clinical outcome in cardiac resynchronization therapy recipients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2014;25:507–13.PubMed CrossRef
64.Ypenburg C, Schalij MJ, Bleeker GB, et al. Impact of viability and scar tissue on response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in ischaemic heart failure patients. Eur Heart J. 2007;28:33–41.PubMed CrossRef
65.Ficaro EP, Lee BC, Kritzman JN, Corbett JR. Corridor4DM: the Michigan method for quantitative nuclear cardiology. J Nucl Cardiol. 2007;14:455–65.PubMed CrossRef
66.Berman DS, Kang X, Gransar H. Quantitative assessment of myocardial perfusion abnormality on SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging is more reproducible than expert visual analysis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2009;16:45–53.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
67.Bleeker GB, Mollema SA, Holman ER, et al. Left ventricular resynchronization is mandatory for response to cardiac resynchronization therapy: analysis in patients with echocardiographic evidence of left ventricular dyssynchrony at baseline. Circulation. 2007;116:1440–8.PubMed CrossRef
68.Chen J, Garcia EV, Folks RD, et al. Onset of left ventricular mechanical contraction as determined by phase analysis of ECG-gated myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging: development of a diagnostic tool for assessment of cardiac mechanical dyssynchrony. J Nucl Cardiol. 2005;12:687–95.PubMed CrossRef
69.Trimble MA, Borges-Neto S, Smallheiser S, et al. Evaluation of left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony as determined by phase analysis of ECG-gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and conduction disturbances. J Nucl Cardiol. 2007;14:298–307.PubMed CrossRef
70.Trimble MA, Borges-Neto S, Honeycutt EF, et al. Evaluation of mechanical dyssynchrony and myocardial perfusion using phase analysis of gated SPECT imaging in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. J Nucl Cardiol. 2008;15:663–70.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
71.Chen J, Faber TL, Cooke CD, Garcia EV. Temporal resolution of multiharmonic phase analysis of ECG-gated myocardial perfusion SPECT studies. J Nucl Cardiol. 2008;15:383–91.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
72.Trimble MA, Velazquez EJ, Adams GL, et al. Repeatability and reproducibility of phase analysis of gated single-photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging used to quantify cardiac dyssynchrony. Nucl Med Commun. 2008;29:374–81.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
73.Lin X, Xu H, Zhao X, et al. Repeatability of left ventricular dyssynchrony and function parameters in serial gated myocardial perfusion SPECT studies. J Nucl Cardiol. 2010;17:811–6.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
74.Pazhenkottil AP, Buechel RR, Herzog BA, et al. Ultrafast assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony from nuclear myocardial perfusion imaging on a new high-speed gamma camera. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010;37:2086–92.PubMed CrossRef
75.Aljaroudi W, Koneru J, Heo J, Iskandrian AE. Impact of ischemia on left ventricular dyssynchrony by phase analysis of gated single photon emission computed tomography myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2011;18:36–42.PubMed CrossRef
76.AlJaroudi W, Iqbal F, Heo J, Iskandrian AE. Relation between heart rate and left ventricular mechanical dyssynchrony in patients with end-stage renal disease. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:1235–40.CrossRef
77.Cheung A, Zhou Y, Faber TL, Garcia EV, Zhu L, Chen J. The performance of phase analysis of gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging in the presence of perfusion defects: a simulation study. J Nucl Cardiol. 2012;19:500–6.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
78.Henneman MM, Chen J, Ypenburg C, et al. Phase analysis of gated myocardial perfusion SPECT compared to tissue Doppler imaging for the assessment of left ventricular dyssynchrony. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1708–14.PubMed CrossRef
79.Marsan NA, Henneman MM, Chen J, et al. Left ventricular dyssynchrony assessed by two 3-dimensional imaging modalities: phase analysis of gated myocardial perfusion SPECT and tri-plane tissue Doppler imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2008;35:166–73.PubMed CrossRef
80.Samad Z, Atchley AE, Trimble MA, et al. Prevalence and predictors of mechanical dyssynchrony as defined by phase analysis in patients with left ventricular dysfunction undergoing gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. J Nucl Cardiol. 2011;18:24–30.PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
81.Henneman MM, Chen J, Dibbets-Schneider P, et al. Can LV dyssynchrony as assessed with phase analysis on gated myocardial perfusion SPECT predict response to CRT? J Nucl Med. 2007;48:1104–11.PubMed CrossRef
82.IAEA-VISION CRT. Nuclear Cardiology in Congestive Heart Failure Value of Intraventricular Synchronism Assessment by Gated-SPECT Myocardial Perfusion Imaging in the Management of Heart Failure Patients Submitted to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy. IAEA annual report 2013, additional annex information.
83.Dekker AL, Phelps B, Dijkman B. Epicardial left ventricular lead placement for cardiac resynchronization therapy: optimal pace site selection with pressure-volume loops. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004;127:1641–7.PubMed CrossRef
84.Sommer A, Kronborg MB, Poulsen SH, et al. Empiric versus imaging guided left ventricular lead placement in cardiac resynchronization therapy (ImagingCRT): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2013;14:113. doi:10.​1186/​1745-6215-14-113 .PubMed PubMedCentral CrossRef
85.•

文摘

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a standard treatment for patients with heart failure. However, 30–40 % of the patients having CRT do not respond to CRT with improved clinical symptom and cardiac functions. It is important for CRT response that left ventricular (LV) lead is placed away from scar and at or near the site of the latest mechanical activation. Nuclear image-guided approaches for CRT have shown significant clinical value to assess LV myocardial viability and mechanical dyssynchrony, recommend the optimal LV lead position, and navigate the LV lead to the target coronary venous site. All these techniques, once validated and implemented, should impact the current clinical practice. Keywords Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) Heart failure (HF) Left ventricle (LV) Mechanical dyssynchrony