Anthropogenic gadolinium anomalies and rare earth elements in the water of Atibaia River and Anhumas Creek, Southeast Brazil

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• 作者：Francisco Ferreira de Campos ; Jacinta Enzweiler
• 关键词：Gadolinium ; Surface water ; Anomaly ; Anthropogenic ; Rare earth elements ; River
• 刊名：Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：May 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：188
• 期：5
• 全文大小：1,548 KB
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• 作者单位：Francisco Ferreira de Campos (1) (2)
  Jacinta Enzweiler (1)
  
  1. Institute of Geosciences, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, C.P. 6152, CEP 13083-970, Campinas, SP, Brazil
  2. Geological Survey of Brazil, Rua Costa 55, CEP 01304-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
  
• 刊物类别：Earth and Environmental Science
• 刊物主题：Environment
  Monitoring, Environmental Analysis and Environmental Ecotoxicology
  Ecology
  Atmospheric Protection, Air Quality Control and Air Pollution
  Environmental Management
  
• 出版者：Springer Netherlands
• ISSN：1573-2959

文摘

The concentrations of rare earth elements (REE), measured in water samples from Atibaia River and its tributary Anhumas Creek, Brazil, present excess of dissolved gadolinium. Such anthropogenic anomalies of Gd in water, already described in other parts of the world, result from the use of stable and soluble Gd chelates as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging. Atibaia River constitutes the main water supply of Campinas Metropolitan area, and its basin receives wastewater effluents. The REE concentrations in water samples were determined in 0.22-μm pore size filtered samples, without and after preconcentration by solid-phase extraction with bis-(2-ethyl-hexyl)-phosphate. This preconcentration method was unable to retain the anthropogenic Gd quantitatively. The probable reason is that the Gd chelates dissociate slowly in acidic media to produce the free ion that is retained by the phosphate ester. Strong correlations between Gd and constituents or parameters associated with effluents confirmed the source of most Gd in water samples as anthropogenic. The shale-normalized REE patterns of Atibaia River and Anhumas Creek water samples showed light and heavy REE enrichment trends, respectively. Also, positive Ce anomalies in many Atibaia River samples, as well as the strong correlations of the REE (except Gd) with terrigenous elements, imply that inorganic colloidal particles contributed to the REE measured values.