Characterization and preparation of bio-tubular scaffolds for fabricating artificial vascular grafts by combining electrospinning and a co-culture system

详细信息    查看全文

• 作者：Boram Lee ; Muhammad Shafiq ; Youngmee Jung ; Jong-Chul Park…
• 关键词：angiogenesis ; endothelial cells ; electrospinning ; vascular scaffolds ; PLCL
• 刊名：Macromolecular Research
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：February 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：24
• 期：2
• 页码：131-142
• 全文大小：984 KB
• 参考文献：(1).A. J. Epstein, D. Polsky, F. Yang, and I. Yang, JAMA, 305, 1769 (2011).CrossRef
  (2).M. S. Conte, FASEB J., 12, 43 (1998).
  (3).R. Y. Kannan, H. J. Salacinski, P. E. Butler, G. Hamilton, and A. M. Seifalian, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 74, 570 (2005).CrossRef
  (4).P. Zilla, P. Preiss, P. Groscurth, F. Rosemeier, M. Deutsch, J. Odell, C. Heidinger, R. Fasol, and U. von Oppell, Surgery, 116, 524 (1994).
  (5).E. I. Ercolani, C. D. Gaudio, and A. Bianco, J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med., 9, 861 (2015).CrossRef
  (6).S. P. Hoerstrup, Mrcs. I. Cummings, M. Lachat, F. J. Schoen, R. Jenni, S. Leschka, S. Neuenschwander, D. Schmidt, A. Mol, C. Gunter, M. Gossi, M. Genoni, and G. Zund, Circulation, 114, I159 (2006).CrossRef
  (7).C. Huang, Y. Tang, X. Liu, A. Sutti, Q. Ke, and X. Mo, Soft Matter, 7, 10812 (2011).CrossRef
  (8).T. Huynh, G. Abraham, J. Murray, K. Brockbank, P. O. Hagen, and S. Sullivan, Nat. Biotechnol., 17, 1083 (1999).CrossRef
  (9).H. Inoguchi, I. K. Kwon IK, E. Inoue, K. Takamizawa, Y. Maehara, and T. Matsuda, Biomaterials, 27, 1470 (2006).CrossRef
  (10).S. Levenberg, J. Rouwkema, M. Macdonald, E. S. Garfein, D. S. Kohane, D. C. Darland, R. Marini, C. A. V. Blitterswijk, R. C. Mulligan, P. A. D’Amore, and R. Langer, Nat. Biotechnol., 23, 879 (2005).CrossRef
  (11).S. Li, D. Sengupta, and S. Chien, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med., 6, 61 (2014).CrossRef
  (12).X. M. Mo, C. Y. Xu, M. Kotaki, and S. Ramakrishna, Biomaterials, 25 1883 (2004).CrossRef
  (13).C. Wang, L. Cen, S. Yin, Q. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Cao, and L. Cui, Biomaterials, 31, 621 (2010).CrossRef
  (14).C. B. Weinberg and E. Bell, Science, 231, 397 (1986).CrossRef
  (15).N. L’Heureux, S. Pâquet, R. Labbé, L. Germain, and F. A. Auger, FASEB J., 12, 47 (1998).
  (16).N. L’Heureux, N. Dusserre, G. Konig, B. Victor, P. Keire, T. N. Wight, N. A. Chronos, A. E. Kyles, C. R. Gregory, G. Hoyt, R. C. Robbins, and T. N. McAllister, Nat. Med., 12, 361 (2006).CrossRef
  (17).T. Shin’oka, G. Matsumura, N. Hibino, Y. Naito, M. Watanabe, T. Konuma, T. Sakamoto, M. Nagatsu, and H. Kurosawa, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 129, 1330 (2005).CrossRef
  (18).J. A. Hubbell, S. P. Massia, N. P. Desai, and P. D. Drumheller, Biotechniques, 9, 568 (1991).
  (19).S. Kaushal, G. E. Amiel, K. J. Guleserian, O. M. Shapira, T. Perry, F. W. Sutherland, E. Rabkin, A. M. Moran, F. J. Schoen, A. Atala, S. Soker, J. Bischoff, and J. E. Mayer, Nat. Med., 7, 1035 (2001).CrossRef
  (20).H. Li and J. Chang, Acta Biometer., 9, 6981 (2013).CrossRef
  (21).E. Chavakis and S. Dimmeler, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 22, 887 (2002).CrossRef
  (22).R. K. Jain, P. Au, J. Tam, D. G. Duda, and D. Fukumura, Nat. Biotechnol., 23, 821 (2005).CrossRef
  (23).C. H. Mun, Y. Jung, S.-H. Kim, S.-H. Lee, H. C. Kim, I. K. Kwon, and S. H. Kim, Tissue Eng. Part A, 18, 1608 (2012).CrossRef
  (24).E. Pektok, B. Nottelet, J. C. Tille, R. Gurny, A. Kalangos, M. Moeller, and B. H. Walpoth, Circulation, 118, 2563 (2008).CrossRef
  (25).H. C. Wu, T. W. Wang, P. L. Kang, Y. H. Tsuang, J. S. Sun, and F. H. Lin, Biomaterials, 28, 1385 (2007).CrossRef
  (26).X. Wu, E. Rabkin-Aikawa, K. J. Guleserian, T. E. Perry, Y. Masuda, F. W. Sutherland, F. J. Schoen, J. E. Mayer, and J. Bischoff, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 287, H480 (2004).CrossRef
  (27).W. Wystrychowski, T. N. McAllister, K. Zagalski, N. Dusserre, L. Cierpka, and N. L’Heureux, J. Vasc. Surg., 60, 1353 (2014).CrossRef
  (28).H. Liu, X. Li, G. Zhou, H. Fan, and Y. Fan, Biomaterials, 32, 3784 (2011).CrossRef
  (29).P. L. Tremblay, V. Hudon, F. Berthod, L. Germain, and F. A. Auger, Am. J. Transplant., 5, 1002 (2005).CrossRef
  (30).P. J. Stahl, T. R. Chan, Y. I. Shen, G. Sun, S. Gerecht, S. M. Yu, Adv. Funct. Mater., 24, 3213 (2014).CrossRef
  (31).J. M. Sorrell, M. A. Baber, and A. I. Caplan, Cells Tissues Organs, 186, 157 (2007).CrossRef
  (32).L. A. Kunz-Schughart, J. A. Schroeder, M. Wondrak, F. van Rey, K. Lehle, F. Hofstaedter, and D. N. Wheatley, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 290, C1385 (2006).CrossRef
  (33).F. G. Rocha, C. A. Sundback, N. J. Krebs, J. K. Leach, D. J. Mooney, S. W. Ashley, J. P. Vacanti, E. E. Whang, Biomaterials, 29, 2884 (2008).CrossRef
  (34).M. F. Pittenger, A. M. Mackay, S. C. Beck, R. K. Jaiswal, R. Douglas, J. D. Mosca, M. A. Moorman, D. W. Simonetti, S. Graig, and D. R. Marshak, Science, 284, 143 (1999).CrossRef
  (35).J. M. Gimblem, A. J. Katz, and B. A. Bunnell, Circulation, 100, 1249 (2007).CrossRef
  (36).L. K. Karlsson, J. P. E. Junker, and G. Kratz, Ann. Vasc. Surg., 23, 663 (2009).CrossRef
  (37).H. Liu, B. Chen, and B. Lilly, Angiogenesis, 11, 223 (2008).CrossRef
  (38).V. R. Lyer, M. B. Eisen, D. T. Ross, G. Schuler, T. Moore, J. C. F. Lee, J. M. Trent, L. M. Staudt, J. H. Jr, M. S. Boguski, D. Lashkari, D. Shalon, D. Botstein, and P. O. Brown, Science, 283, 83 (1999).CrossRef
  (39).K. Kobayashi, Y. Imanishi, A. Miyauchi, N. Onoda, T. Kawata, H. Tahara, H. Goto, T. Miki, E. Ishimura, T. Sugimoto, T. Ishikawa, M. Inaba, and Y. Nishizawa, Eur. J. Endocrinol., 154, 93 (2006).CrossRef
  (40).B. S. Jang, Y. Jung, I. K. Kwon, C. H. Mun, and S. H. Kim, Macromol. Res., 20, 1234 (2012).CrossRef
  (41).W. Wu, R. A. Allen, and Y. Wang, Nat. Med., 18, 1148 (2012).CrossRef
  (42).M. Shafiq, Y. Jung, and S. H. Kim, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 103, 2673 (2015).CrossRef
  (43).S. I. Jeong, B. S. Kim, Y. M. Lee, K. J. Ihn, S. H. Kim, and Y. H. Kim, Biomacromolecules, 5, 1303 (2004).CrossRef
  (44).J.-J. Hu, W. C. Chao, P. Y. Lee, and C. H. Huang, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 13, 140 (2012).CrossRef
  (45).M. Zhang, K. Wang, Z. Wang, B. Xing, Q. Zhao, and D. Kong, J. Mater. Sci., Mater. Med., 23, 2639 (2012).CrossRef
  (46).A. Lesman, J. Koffler, J. R. Atlas, Y. J. Blinder, and Z. S. Kam, Biomaterials, 32, 7856 (2011).CrossRef
  (47).J. J. Stankus, J. J. Guan, K. Fujimoto, and W. R. Wagner, Biomaterials, 27, 735 (2006).CrossRef
  (48).J. Nam, Y. Huang, S. Agarwal, and J. Lanutti, Tissue Eng., 13, 2249 (2007).CrossRef
  (49).R. K. Jain, Nat. Med., 9, 685 (2003).CrossRef
  (50).B. M. Baker, A. O. Gee, R. B. Metter, A. S. Nathan, R. A. Marklein, J. A. Burdick, and R. L. Mauck, Biomaterials, 29, 2348 (2008).CrossRef
  (51).K. Iwasaki, K. Kojima, S. Kodama, A. C. Paz, M. Chambers, M. Umezu, and C. A. Vacanti, Circulation, 118, S52 (2008).CrossRef
  (52).K. Shimizu, S. Sugiyama, M. Aikawa, Y. Fukumoto, E. Rabkin, P. Libby, and R. N. Mitchell, Nat. Med., 7, 738 (2001).CrossRef
  (53).T. Y. Kang, J. H. Lee, B. J. Kim, J. A. Kang, J. M. Hong, B. S. Kim, H. J. Cha, J. W. Rhie, and D. W. Cho, Biofabrication, 7, 015007 (2015).CrossRef
  
• 作者单位：Boram Lee (1) (2)
  Muhammad Shafiq (1) (4)
  Youngmee Jung (1) (4)
  Jong-Chul Park (2)
  Soo Hyun Kim (1) (3) (4)
  
  1. Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul, 02792, Korea
  2. Department of Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea
  4. Korea University of Science and Technology, 176 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
  3. KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea
  
• 刊物类别：Chemistry and Materials Science
• 刊物主题：Chemistry
  Physical Chemistry
  Polymer Sciences
  Characterization and Evaluation of Materials
  Soft and Granular Matter, Complex Fluids and Microfluidics
  Nanochemistry
  Nanotec
  
• 出版者：The Polymer Society of Korea, co-published with Springer
• ISSN：2092-7673

文摘

Tissue-engineered vascular scaffolds provide a promising solution for the replacement of diseased vascular structures. However, a major challenge lies in enhancing endothelialization, host cell ingrowth, and angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of developing a bio-tubular scaffold from human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) co-cultured on electrospun poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone) membranes to address these issues. Confluent layers of HDFs stimulated the organization of HUVECs into capillary-like networks in an indirect contact (two-dimensional) co-culture on membranes. Bio-tubular scaffolds fabricated from co-cultured membranes were either grown statically in vitro or implanted subcutaneously in severe combined immunodeficient mice for up to 4 weeks for biocompatibility evaluation and functional performance. In vitro examination of co-cultures on scaffolds showed collagen remodeling and an improvement in biomechanical properties up to day 14. Morphological analysis of in vitro grown bio-tubular scaffolds revealed good attachment and growth of both cell types. After one month, co-cultured scaffolds in vivo showed higher infiltration of host cells and collagen remodeling as compared to the HDF-seeded grafts. After 4 weeks, thin continuous layers of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells were formed as shown by staining with an antibody specific for CD31and α-actin (α-SMA). On the contrary, HDF-seeded scaffolds remained free of α-SMA-positive cells at all time points, whereas few CD31+ cells appeared after 4 weeks. Thus, co-cultured membranes provide a solution for enhancing endothelialization, tissue regeneration, and growth in bio-tubular scaffolds and may have broader applications in regenerative medicine. Keywords angiogenesis endothelial cells electrospinning vascular scaffolds PLCL Page %P Close Plain text Look Inside Reference tools Export citation EndNote (.ENW) JabRef (.BIB) Mendeley (.BIB) Papers (.RIS) Zotero (.RIS) BibTeX (.BIB) Add to Papers Other actions Register for Journal Updates About This Journal Reprints and Permissions Share Share this content on Facebook Share this content on Twitter Share this content on LinkedIn Related Content Supplementary Material (0) References (53) References(1).A. J. Epstein, D. Polsky, F. Yang, and I. Yang, JAMA, 305, 1769 (2011).CrossRef(2).M. S. Conte, FASEB J., 12, 43 (1998).(3).R. Y. Kannan, H. J. Salacinski, P. E. Butler, G. Hamilton, and A. M. Seifalian, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 74, 570 (2005).CrossRef(4).P. Zilla, P. Preiss, P. Groscurth, F. Rosemeier, M. Deutsch, J. Odell, C. Heidinger, R. Fasol, and U. von Oppell, Surgery, 116, 524 (1994).(5).E. I. Ercolani, C. D. Gaudio, and A. Bianco, J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med., 9, 861 (2015).CrossRef(6).S. P. Hoerstrup, Mrcs. I. Cummings, M. Lachat, F. J. Schoen, R. Jenni, S. Leschka, S. Neuenschwander, D. Schmidt, A. Mol, C. Gunter, M. Gossi, M. Genoni, and G. Zund, Circulation, 114, I159 (2006).CrossRef(7).C. Huang, Y. Tang, X. Liu, A. Sutti, Q. Ke, and X. Mo, Soft Matter, 7, 10812 (2011).CrossRef(8).T. Huynh, G. Abraham, J. Murray, K. Brockbank, P. O. Hagen, and S. Sullivan, Nat. Biotechnol., 17, 1083 (1999).CrossRef(9).H. Inoguchi, I. K. Kwon IK, E. Inoue, K. Takamizawa, Y. Maehara, and T. Matsuda, Biomaterials, 27, 1470 (2006).CrossRef(10).S. Levenberg, J. Rouwkema, M. Macdonald, E. S. Garfein, D. S. Kohane, D. C. Darland, R. Marini, C. A. V. Blitterswijk, R. C. Mulligan, P. A. D’Amore, and R. Langer, Nat. Biotechnol., 23, 879 (2005).CrossRef(11).S. Li, D. Sengupta, and S. Chien, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Syst. Biol. Med., 6, 61 (2014).CrossRef(12).X. M. Mo, C. Y. Xu, M. Kotaki, and S. Ramakrishna, Biomaterials, 25 1883 (2004).CrossRef(13).C. Wang, L. Cen, S. Yin, Q. Liu, W. Liu, Y. Cao, and L. Cui, Biomaterials, 31, 621 (2010).CrossRef(14).C. B. Weinberg and E. Bell, Science, 231, 397 (1986).CrossRef(15).N. L’Heureux, S. Pâquet, R. Labbé, L. Germain, and F. A. Auger, FASEB J., 12, 47 (1998).(16).N. L’Heureux, N. Dusserre, G. Konig, B. Victor, P. Keire, T. N. Wight, N. A. Chronos, A. E. Kyles, C. R. Gregory, G. Hoyt, R. C. Robbins, and T. N. McAllister, Nat. Med., 12, 361 (2006).CrossRef(17).T. Shin’oka, G. Matsumura, N. Hibino, Y. Naito, M. Watanabe, T. Konuma, T. Sakamoto, M. Nagatsu, and H. Kurosawa, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 129, 1330 (2005).CrossRef(18).J. A. Hubbell, S. P. Massia, N. P. Desai, and P. D. Drumheller, Biotechniques, 9, 568 (1991).(19).S. Kaushal, G. E. Amiel, K. J. Guleserian, O. M. Shapira, T. Perry, F. W. Sutherland, E. Rabkin, A. M. Moran, F. J. Schoen, A. Atala, S. Soker, J. Bischoff, and J. E. Mayer, Nat. Med., 7, 1035 (2001).CrossRef(20).H. Li and J. Chang, Acta Biometer., 9, 6981 (2013).CrossRef(21).E. Chavakis and S. Dimmeler, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 22, 887 (2002).CrossRef(22).R. K. Jain, P. Au, J. Tam, D. G. Duda, and D. Fukumura, Nat. Biotechnol., 23, 821 (2005).CrossRef(23).C. H. Mun, Y. Jung, S.-H. Kim, S.-H. Lee, H. C. Kim, I. K. Kwon, and S. H. Kim, Tissue Eng. Part A, 18, 1608 (2012).CrossRef(24).E. Pektok, B. Nottelet, J. C. Tille, R. Gurny, A. Kalangos, M. Moeller, and B. H. Walpoth, Circulation, 118, 2563 (2008).CrossRef(25).H. C. Wu, T. W. Wang, P. L. Kang, Y. H. Tsuang, J. S. Sun, and F. H. Lin, Biomaterials, 28, 1385 (2007).CrossRef(26).X. Wu, E. Rabkin-Aikawa, K. J. Guleserian, T. E. Perry, Y. Masuda, F. W. Sutherland, F. J. Schoen, J. E. Mayer, and J. Bischoff, Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol., 287, H480 (2004).CrossRef(27).W. Wystrychowski, T. N. McAllister, K. Zagalski, N. Dusserre, L. Cierpka, and N. L’Heureux, J. Vasc. Surg., 60, 1353 (2014).CrossRef(28).H. Liu, X. Li, G. Zhou, H. Fan, and Y. Fan, Biomaterials, 32, 3784 (2011).CrossRef(29).P. L. Tremblay, V. Hudon, F. Berthod, L. Germain, and F. A. Auger, Am. J. Transplant., 5, 1002 (2005).CrossRef(30).P. J. Stahl, T. R. Chan, Y. I. Shen, G. Sun, S. Gerecht, S. M. Yu, Adv. Funct. Mater., 24, 3213 (2014).CrossRef(31).J. M. Sorrell, M. A. Baber, and A. I. Caplan, Cells Tissues Organs, 186, 157 (2007).CrossRef(32).L. A. Kunz-Schughart, J. A. Schroeder, M. Wondrak, F. van Rey, K. Lehle, F. Hofstaedter, and D. N. Wheatley, Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol., 290, C1385 (2006).CrossRef(33).F. G. Rocha, C. A. Sundback, N. J. Krebs, J. K. Leach, D. J. Mooney, S. W. Ashley, J. P. Vacanti, E. E. Whang, Biomaterials, 29, 2884 (2008).CrossRef(34).M. F. Pittenger, A. M. Mackay, S. C. Beck, R. K. Jaiswal, R. Douglas, J. D. Mosca, M. A. Moorman, D. W. Simonetti, S. Graig, and D. R. Marshak, Science, 284, 143 (1999).CrossRef(35).J. M. Gimblem, A. J. Katz, and B. A. Bunnell, Circulation, 100, 1249 (2007).CrossRef(36).L. K. Karlsson, J. P. E. Junker, and G. Kratz, Ann. Vasc. Surg., 23, 663 (2009).CrossRef(37).H. Liu, B. Chen, and B. Lilly, Angiogenesis, 11, 223 (2008).CrossRef(38).V. R. Lyer, M. B. Eisen, D. T. Ross, G. Schuler, T. Moore, J. C. F. Lee, J. M. Trent, L. M. Staudt, J. H. Jr, M. S. Boguski, D. Lashkari, D. Shalon, D. Botstein, and P. O. Brown, Science, 283, 83 (1999).CrossRef(39).K. Kobayashi, Y. Imanishi, A. Miyauchi, N. Onoda, T. Kawata, H. Tahara, H. Goto, T. Miki, E. Ishimura, T. Sugimoto, T. Ishikawa, M. Inaba, and Y. Nishizawa, Eur. J. Endocrinol., 154, 93 (2006).CrossRef(40).B. S. Jang, Y. Jung, I. K. Kwon, C. H. Mun, and S. H. Kim, Macromol. Res., 20, 1234 (2012).CrossRef(41).W. Wu, R. A. Allen, and Y. Wang, Nat. Med., 18, 1148 (2012).CrossRef(42).M. Shafiq, Y. Jung, and S. H. Kim, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 103, 2673 (2015).CrossRef(43).S. I. Jeong, B. S. Kim, Y. M. Lee, K. J. Ihn, S. H. Kim, and Y. H. Kim, Biomacromolecules, 5, 1303 (2004).CrossRef(44).J.-J. Hu, W. C. Chao, P. Y. Lee, and C. H. Huang, J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater., 13, 140 (2012).CrossRef(45).M. Zhang, K. Wang, Z. Wang, B. Xing, Q. Zhao, and D. Kong, J. Mater. Sci., Mater. Med., 23, 2639 (2012).CrossRef(46).A. Lesman, J. Koffler, J. R. Atlas, Y. J. Blinder, and Z. S. Kam, Biomaterials, 32, 7856 (2011).CrossRef(47).J. J. Stankus, J. J. Guan, K. Fujimoto, and W. R. Wagner, Biomaterials, 27, 735 (2006).CrossRef(48).J. Nam, Y. Huang, S. Agarwal, and J. Lanutti, Tissue Eng., 13, 2249 (2007).CrossRef(49).R. K. Jain, Nat. Med., 9, 685 (2003).CrossRef(50).B. M. Baker, A. O. Gee, R. B. Metter, A. S. Nathan, R. A. Marklein, J. A. Burdick, and R. L. Mauck, Biomaterials, 29, 2348 (2008).CrossRef(51).K. Iwasaki, K. Kojima, S. Kodama, A. C. Paz, M. Chambers, M. Umezu, and C. A. Vacanti, Circulation, 118, S52 (2008).CrossRef(52).K. Shimizu, S. Sugiyama, M. Aikawa, Y. Fukumoto, E. Rabkin, P. Libby, and R. N. Mitchell, Nat. Med., 7, 738 (2001).CrossRef(53).T. Y. Kang, J. H. Lee, B. J. Kim, J. A. Kang, J. M. Hong, B. S. Kim, H. J. Cha, J. W. Rhie, and D. W. Cho, Biofabrication, 7, 015007 (2015).CrossRef About this Article Title Characterization and preparation of bio-tubular scaffolds for fabricating artificial vascular grafts by combining electrospinning and a co-culture system Journal Macromolecular Research Volume 24, Issue 2 , pp 131-142 Cover Date2016-02 DOI 10.1007/s13233-016-4017-5 Print ISSN 1598-5032 Online ISSN 2092-7673 Publisher The Polymer Society of Korea Additional Links Register for Journal Updates Editorial Board About This Journal Manuscript Submission Topics Polymer Sciences Soft and Granular Matter, Complex Fluids and Microfluidics Physical Chemistry Characterization and Evaluation of Materials Nanochemistry Nanotechnology Keywords angiogenesis endothelial cells electrospinning vascular scaffolds PLCL Industry Sectors Pharma Materials & Steel Automotive Chemical Manufacturing Biotechnology Electronics IT & Software Telecommunications Consumer Packaged Goods Aerospace Oil, Gas & Geosciences Engineering Authors Boram Lee (1) (2) Muhammad Shafiq (1) (4) Youngmee Jung (1) (4) Jong-Chul Park (2) Soo Hyun Kim (1) (3) (4) Author Affiliations 1. Center for Biomaterials, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Cheongryang, Seoul, 02792, Korea 2. Department of Medical Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Korea 4. Korea University of Science and Technology, 176 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, Korea 3. KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Korea Continue reading... To view the rest of this content please follow the download PDF link above.