盐岩单轴蠕变声发射特征及损伤演化研究
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摘要
为研究盐岩在长历时蠕变过程的声发射特征规律与损伤演化过程,采用四川大学大型程控流变仪和PAC Sensor highway Ⅱ型声发射监测仪器对盐岩进行了为期约1a的单轴蠕变声发射试验,分析了盐岩长历时蠕变过程应变规律与声发射试验结果,探讨了盐岩全蠕变损伤演化过程。试验结果表明,盐岩在为期约1 a的蠕变时间内经历了初始衰减蠕变阶段、稳态蠕变阶段、加速蠕变阶段,其中稳态蠕变速率基本维持在6×10~(-5)d~(-1);盐岩全蠕变过程声发射各特征参数规律与蠕变应变趋势基本一致,呈活跃-平静-活跃趋势,同时根据声发射参数特征曲线可以预判盐岩进入加速蠕变阶段在300 d之时,比由应变曲线(320d)判断更为提前,为储气库工程建设提供室内试验依据;根据声发射时空演化特征揭示了盐岩长历时蠕变损伤破坏路径是从端部-中部-整部的形式;基于声发射振铃计数特征参数计算的损伤变量变化趋势与蠕变应变趋势一致,而盐岩蠕变全过程声发射分形维数呈下降-波动-上升的趋势,表征声发射经历了一个从无序到有序再到无序的过程,且与蠕变速率曲线变化一致,分形维数的拐点与声发射提前预判加速蠕变拐点节点相一致,分形维数变化与损伤变量率变化趋势基本一致,进一步分析表明声发射分形维数值基本在2上下波动,损伤变量率基本稳定在0.002 d~(-1)周围。
To investigate the acoustic emission(AE) characteristics and damage evolution process of salt rock during the long creep process, uniaxial creep AE tests were carried out by using a large-scale programmed rheometer and the PAC Sensor-highway Ⅱ AE monitoring instrument at Sichuan University. The strain law and AE test results of the long creep process of salt rock were analysed, and the evolution process of the whole creep damage was discussed in detail. The results show that the salt rock undergoes an initial attenuation creep stage, a steady creep stage and an accelerated creep stage during the creep period of about one year, in which the steady creep rate is basically maintained at 6×10~(-5) d~(-1). The variation of characteristic parameters of AE in the whole creep process is basically consistent with the creep strain trend, showing an "active-quiet-active" trend. According to the AE parameter characteristic curve, the salt rock can be predicted to begin the accelerated creep stage at 300 days, and it is more accurate than the creep strain trend line, which provides experimental fundamentals for the construction of the gas storage. According to the characteristics of temporal and spatial evolution of AE, the damage path of the long-duration creep damage of the salt rock is from the form of "end-central-whole part". The change trend of the damage variable based on the AE ringing counts is consistent with the creep strain trend. Moreover, the fractal dimension of AE in the whole process of the salt rock shows a "decreasing-fluctuating-rising" trend, which indicates that the AE undergoes a process from disorder to order and then to disorder, and changes with the creep rate curve consistent. The inflection point of fractal dimension is consistent with that of AE in predicting an accelerated creep inflection point, and further analysis shows that the fractal dimension of AE is basically fluctuating up and down at the value of 2. The damage variable rate is basically stable at around 0.002 d~(-1).
To investigate the acoustic emission(AE) characteristics and damage evolution process of salt rock during the long creep process, uniaxial creep AE tests were carried out by using a large-scale programmed rheometer and the PAC Sensor-highway Ⅱ AE monitoring instrument at Sichuan University. The strain law and AE test results of the long creep process of salt rock were analysed, and the evolution process of the whole creep damage was discussed in detail. The results show that the salt rock undergoes an initial attenuation creep stage, a steady creep stage and an accelerated creep stage during the creep period of about one year, in which the steady creep rate is basically maintained at 6×10~(-5) d~(-1). The variation of characteristic parameters of AE in the whole creep process is basically consistent with the creep strain trend, showing an "active-quiet-active" trend. According to the AE parameter characteristic curve, the salt rock can be predicted to begin the accelerated creep stage at 300 days, and it is more accurate than the creep strain trend line, which provides experimental fundamentals for the construction of the gas storage. According to the characteristics of temporal and spatial evolution of AE, the damage path of the long-duration creep damage of the salt rock is from the form of "end-central-whole part". The change trend of the damage variable based on the AE ringing counts is consistent with the creep strain trend. Moreover, the fractal dimension of AE in the whole process of the salt rock shows a "decreasing-fluctuating-rising" trend, which indicates that the AE undergoes a process from disorder to order and then to disorder, and changes with the creep rate curve consistent. The inflection point of fractal dimension is consistent with that of AE in predicting an accelerated creep inflection point, and further analysis shows that the fractal dimension of AE is basically fluctuating up and down at the value of 2. The damage variable rate is basically stable at around 0.002 d~(-1).
引文
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[11]李志成,刘建锋,边宇,等.三轴循环加卸载过程中盐岩声发射演化特征分析[J].地下空间与工程学报,2017,13(6):1566-1572.LI Zhi-cheng,LIU Jian-feng,BIAN Yu,et al.Characteristic analysis on rock salt account emission evaluation in the triaxial loading and unloading process[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2017,13(6):1566-1572.
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[14]吴斐,谢和平,刘建锋,等.分数阶黏弹塑性蠕变模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(5):964-970.WU Fei,XIE He-ping,LIU Jian-feng,et al.Experimental study of fractional viscoelastic-plastic creep model[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(5):964-970.
[15]姜德义,陈结,任松,等.盐岩单轴应变率效应与声发射特征试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(2):326-336.JIANG De-yi,CHEN Jie,REN Song,et al.Experimental study of strain rate effect and acoustic emission characteristics of salt rock under uniaxial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(2):326-336.
[16]张晖辉,颜玉定,余怀忠,等.循环载荷下大试件岩石破坏声发射试验--岩石破坏前兆的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(21):3621-3628.ZHANG Hui-hui,YAN Yu-ding,YU Huai-zhong,et al.Acoustic emission experimental research on large-scaled rock failure under cycling load-fracture precursor of rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(21):3621-3628.
[17]杨春和,陈锋.盐岩蠕变损伤关系研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(11):1602-1604.YANG Chun-he,CHEN Feng.Investigation on creep damage constitutive theory of salt rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(11):1602-1604.
[18]吴池,刘建锋,周志威,等.岩盐三轴蠕变声发射特征研究[J].岩土工程学报,2016,38(增刊2):319-323.WU Chi,LIU Jian-feng,ZHOU Zhi-wei,et al.Creep acoustic emission of rock salt under triaxial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2016,38(Supp.2):319-323.
[19]李庶林,林朝阳,毛建喜,等.单轴多级循环加载岩石声发射分形特性试验研究[J].工程力学,2015,32(9):92-99.LI Shu-lin,LIN Chao-yang,MAO Jian-xi,et al.Experimental study on fractal dimension characteristics of acoustic emission of rock under multilevel uniaxial cyclic loading[J].Engineering Mechanics,2015,32(9):92-99.
[20]XIE H P,LIU J F,JU Y,et al.Fractal property of spatial distribution of acoustic emissions during the failure process of bedded rock salt[J].International Journal Rock Mechanics Mining Sciences,2011,48(1):1344-1351.
[21]吴贤振,刘祥鑫,梁正召,等.不同岩石破裂全过程的声发射序列分形特征试验研究[J].岩土力学,2012,33(12):3561-3569.WU Xian-zhen,LIU Xiang-xin,LIANG Zheng-zhao,et al.Experimental study of fractal dimension of AEserials of different rocks under uniaxial compression[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(12):3561-3569.
[22]裴建良,刘建锋,张茹,等.单轴压缩条件下花岗岩声发射事件空间分布的分维特征研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(6):51-55.PEI Jian-liang,LIU Jian-feng,ZHANG Ru,et al.Fractal study on spatial distribution of acoustic emission events of granite specimens under unialxial compression[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2010,42(6):51-55.
[23]刘保县,黄敬林,王泽云,等.单轴压缩煤岩损伤演化及声发射特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(增刊1):3234-3238.LIU Bao-xian,HUANG Jing-lin,WANG Ze-yun,et al.Study on damage evolution and acoustic emission character of coal-rock under uniaxial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(Supp.1):3234-3238.
[2]MOGI K.Study of elastic shocks caused by the fracture of heterogeneous materials and its relations to earthquake phenomena[J].Bulletin Earthquake Research Institute,University of Tokyo,1962,40(6):168-180.
[3]SZCZEPANIK S D.Time-dependent acoustic emission studies on potash[C]//Rock Mechanics as a Multi-disciplinary Science.Rotterdam:A.A.Balkema,1991:471-479.
[4]LOCKNER D.The role of acoustic emission in the study of rock fracture[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences&Geomechanics Abstracts,1993,30(7):893-899.
[5]GANNE P,VERVOORT A,WEVESS M.Quantification of pre-break brittle damage correlation between acoustic emission and observed micro-fracture[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics&Mining Sciences,2007,44(5):720-729.
[6]向高,刘建锋,李天一,等.基于声发射的盐岩变形破坏过程的分形与损伤特征研究[J].岩土力学,2018,39(8):2905-2912.XIANG Gao,LIU Jian-feng,LI Tian-yi,et al.Study of fractal and damage characteristics in the deformation and failure process of salt rack based on acoustic emission[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2018,39(8):2905-2912.
[7]曹树刚,刘延保,张立强,等.突出煤体单轴压缩和蠕变状态下的声发射对比试验[J].煤炭学报2007,32(12):1264-1268.CAO Shu-gang,LIU Yan-bao,ZHANG Li-qiang,et al.Experimental investigations on acoustic emission of outburst-hazardous coal under uniaxial compression and creep[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2007,32(12):1264-1268.
[8]吴池,刘建锋,周志威,等.含杂质盐岩三轴蠕变特性试验研究[J].工程科学与技术,2017,49(增刊2):165-172.WU Chi,LIU Jian-feng,ZHOU Zhi-wei,et al.Study on creep properties of salt rock with impurities during triaxial creep test[J].Advanced Engineering Sciences,2017,49(Supp.2):165-172.
[9]刘迪,周宏伟,赵阳,等.基于声发射特征的盐岩蠕变本构模型研究[J].岩土力学,2017,38(7):1951-1958.LIU Di,ZHOU Hong-wei,ZHAO Yang,et al.Study of creep constitutive model of rock salt based on acoustic emission characteristics[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2017,38(7):1951-1958.
[10]邓朝福,刘建锋,陈亮,等.不同粒径花岗岩断裂力学行为及声发射特征研究[J].岩土力学,2016,37(8):2313-2320.DENG Chao-fu,LIU Jian-feng,CHEN Liang,et al.Fracture mechanical behaviors and acoustic emission characteristics of Beishan granites with different particle sizes[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(8):2313-2320.
[11]李志成,刘建锋,边宇,等.三轴循环加卸载过程中盐岩声发射演化特征分析[J].地下空间与工程学报,2017,13(6):1566-1572.LI Zhi-cheng,LIU Jian-feng,BIAN Yu,et al.Characteristic analysis on rock salt account emission evaluation in the triaxial loading and unloading process[J].Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering,2017,13(6):1566-1572.
[12]长江水利委员会长江科学院.SL 264-2001水利水电工程岩石试验规程[S].北京:水利水电出版社,2001.Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute of Changjiang Water Resources Commission.SL 264-2001Specifications for rock tests in water conservancy and hydroelectric engineering[S].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2001.
[13]中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部.GB/T50266-2013工程岩体试验方法标准[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2013.Ministry of housing and urban rural development of People’s Republic of China.GB/T50266-2013 Standard for test method of engineering rock mass[S].Beijing:China Planning Press,1999.
[14]吴斐,谢和平,刘建锋,等.分数阶黏弹塑性蠕变模型试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2014,33(5):964-970.WU Fei,XIE He-ping,LIU Jian-feng,et al.Experimental study of fractional viscoelastic-plastic creep model[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2014,33(5):964-970.
[15]姜德义,陈结,任松,等.盐岩单轴应变率效应与声发射特征试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2012,31(2):326-336.JIANG De-yi,CHEN Jie,REN Song,et al.Experimental study of strain rate effect and acoustic emission characteristics of salt rock under uniaxial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2012,31(2):326-336.
[16]张晖辉,颜玉定,余怀忠,等.循环载荷下大试件岩石破坏声发射试验--岩石破坏前兆的研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(21):3621-3628.ZHANG Hui-hui,YAN Yu-ding,YU Huai-zhong,et al.Acoustic emission experimental research on large-scaled rock failure under cycling load-fracture precursor of rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2004,23(21):3621-3628.
[17]杨春和,陈锋.盐岩蠕变损伤关系研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2002,21(11):1602-1604.YANG Chun-he,CHEN Feng.Investigation on creep damage constitutive theory of salt rock[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2002,21(11):1602-1604.
[18]吴池,刘建锋,周志威,等.岩盐三轴蠕变声发射特征研究[J].岩土工程学报,2016,38(增刊2):319-323.WU Chi,LIU Jian-feng,ZHOU Zhi-wei,et al.Creep acoustic emission of rock salt under triaxial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2016,38(Supp.2):319-323.
[19]李庶林,林朝阳,毛建喜,等.单轴多级循环加载岩石声发射分形特性试验研究[J].工程力学,2015,32(9):92-99.LI Shu-lin,LIN Chao-yang,MAO Jian-xi,et al.Experimental study on fractal dimension characteristics of acoustic emission of rock under multilevel uniaxial cyclic loading[J].Engineering Mechanics,2015,32(9):92-99.
[20]XIE H P,LIU J F,JU Y,et al.Fractal property of spatial distribution of acoustic emissions during the failure process of bedded rock salt[J].International Journal Rock Mechanics Mining Sciences,2011,48(1):1344-1351.
[21]吴贤振,刘祥鑫,梁正召,等.不同岩石破裂全过程的声发射序列分形特征试验研究[J].岩土力学,2012,33(12):3561-3569.WU Xian-zhen,LIU Xiang-xin,LIANG Zheng-zhao,et al.Experimental study of fractal dimension of AEserials of different rocks under uniaxial compression[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012,33(12):3561-3569.
[22]裴建良,刘建锋,张茹,等.单轴压缩条件下花岗岩声发射事件空间分布的分维特征研究[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2010,42(6):51-55.PEI Jian-liang,LIU Jian-feng,ZHANG Ru,et al.Fractal study on spatial distribution of acoustic emission events of granite specimens under unialxial compression[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2010,42(6):51-55.
[23]刘保县,黄敬林,王泽云,等.单轴压缩煤岩损伤演化及声发射特性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2009,28(增刊1):3234-3238.LIU Bao-xian,HUANG Jing-lin,WANG Ze-yun,et al.Study on damage evolution and acoustic emission character of coal-rock under uniaxial compression[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2009,28(Supp.1):3234-3238.
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