浅埋复采工作面厚硬岩层–煤柱结构模型及其稳定性研究
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摘要
厚硬岩层和煤柱是浅埋复采工作面开采诱发动力灾害的主要因素。以山东高庄煤矿浅埋水采复采工作面为工程背景,为了揭示厚硬岩层运动和煤柱应力演化之间的关系及其组成系统失稳规律,提出采场"厚硬岩层–煤柱"结构模型,分析结构模型的不同岩层重力形式、范围大小和变形特征,推导出厚硬岩层岩梁在固支端集中力和周期破断步距表达式,并以此为基础,综合煤体煤柱"动–静"载应力与其综合支承强度之间关系,探讨了厚硬岩层–煤柱失稳的力学判据、煤柱应力变化特征及其灾害防控方法。研究结果表明:(1)厚硬岩层条件下,水采复采工作面能够形成连续的"┤"型空间结构,包括水平方向的"传递体"和高度方向的"支撑体",传递体周期性运动是形成支撑体煤柱煤体支承应力集中和转移的主要原因;(2)煤柱煤体的静态支承应力p主要由支撑体受到的自身岩层重力(G和FL)与传递体转移岩层重力F2共同形成,传递体结构的厚硬岩梁破断运动是产生动载应力pd的主要原因,阐释了厚硬岩层–煤柱结构模型的I,II–1,II–2和II–3失稳类型。成果成功运用于3上301工作面开采实践,微震和应力监测等结果佐证了预测模型的合理性,并通过实施冲击防控措施,最终实现了工作面安全回采。
Thick hard strata and coal pillars are the main factors for the mining-induced dynamic disasters in shallow-buried re-mined panels. In order to reveal the relation between the thick hard strata movement and the evolution of the coal pillar stress and its instability regularities,the shallow-buried re-mined panels in Gaozhuang mine in Shandong Province,China,is investigated as the engineering background. A"thick hard strata-coal pillar"structure model of the stope is proposed,and the gravity form,range size and deformation features of different strata of the structure model are analyzed. An expression of the concentrated force of the solid support and the periodic breaking step of thick hard strata is derived,and the mechanical instability criterion of"Thick Hard Strata-Coal Pillar",the variation features of the coal pillar stress,and disaster prevention and control methods are discussed considering the relationship between the " dynamic-static " loading stress of coal pillar and its comprehensive supporting strength. The research results indicate that the hydraulic re-mining panel can form a continuous"┤"type space structure under the condition of thick strata,which includes a horizontal"deliver body"and a vertical"support body",and that the periodic motion of the"deliver body"is the main reason for the stress concentration and transfer of the coal pillar. It is also shown that the static support stress p of the coal pillar is mainly formed by the"support body"gravity(G and FL) and the"deliver body"transferring gravity F2,and the break motion of the thick strata of the"deliver body"is the main cause of the dynamic stress pd,which interprets the instability types of I,II–1,II–2 and II–3 of"Thick Hard Strata-Coal Pillar"structure model. The research results were successfully applied to the No.3 upper301 panel and safe recovery of the panel was carried out by using prevention and control measures. The rationality of the prediction model was further proven by the microseismic and stress monitoring results.
Thick hard strata and coal pillars are the main factors for the mining-induced dynamic disasters in shallow-buried re-mined panels. In order to reveal the relation between the thick hard strata movement and the evolution of the coal pillar stress and its instability regularities,the shallow-buried re-mined panels in Gaozhuang mine in Shandong Province,China,is investigated as the engineering background. A"thick hard strata-coal pillar"structure model of the stope is proposed,and the gravity form,range size and deformation features of different strata of the structure model are analyzed. An expression of the concentrated force of the solid support and the periodic breaking step of thick hard strata is derived,and the mechanical instability criterion of"Thick Hard Strata-Coal Pillar",the variation features of the coal pillar stress,and disaster prevention and control methods are discussed considering the relationship between the " dynamic-static " loading stress of coal pillar and its comprehensive supporting strength. The research results indicate that the hydraulic re-mining panel can form a continuous"┤"type space structure under the condition of thick strata,which includes a horizontal"deliver body"and a vertical"support body",and that the periodic motion of the"deliver body"is the main reason for the stress concentration and transfer of the coal pillar. It is also shown that the static support stress p of the coal pillar is mainly formed by the"support body"gravity(G and FL) and the"deliver body"transferring gravity F2,and the break motion of the thick strata of the"deliver body"is the main cause of the dynamic stress pd,which interprets the instability types of I,II–1,II–2 and II–3 of"Thick Hard Strata-Coal Pillar"structure model. The research results were successfully applied to the No.3 upper301 panel and safe recovery of the panel was carried out by using prevention and control measures. The rationality of the prediction model was further proven by the microseismic and stress monitoring results.
引文
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[6]姜福兴,刘懿,张益超,等.采场覆岩的“载荷三带”结构模型及其在防冲领域的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(12):2 398-2 408.(JIANG Fuxing,LIU Yi,ZHANG Yichao,et al.A threezone structure loading model of overlying strata and its application on rockburst prevention[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(12):2 398-2 408.(in Chinese))
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[8]蒋金泉,王普,武泉林.高位硬厚岩层弹性基础边界下破断规律的演化特征[J].中国矿业大学学报,2016,45(3):490-499.(JIANGJinquan,WANG Pu,WU Quanlin,et al.Evolutionary characteristics of fracture laws of high-position hard thick strata with elastic foundation boundary[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2016,45(3):490-499.(in Chinese))
[9]王树立,张开智,蒋金泉,等.基于矿震活动规律的重复采动高位硬厚岩层冲击机制探讨[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(增2):4 172-4 179.(WANG Shuli,ZHANG Kaizhi,JIANG Jinquan,et al.Rock burst mechanism and tremors law of high and thick strata of hard rock during repeated mining[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(Supp.2):4 172-4 179.(in Chinese))
[10]王存文,姜福兴,王平,等.煤柱诱发冲击地压的微震事件分布特征与力学机理[J].煤炭学报,2009,34(9):1 169-1 173.(WANGCunwen,JIANG Fuxing,WANG Ping,et al.Microseismic events distribution characteristics and mechanical mechanisms of rock bursting induced by a coal pillar[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2009,34(9):1 169-1 173.(in Chinese))
[11]朱广安,窦林名,丁自伟,等.孤岛工作面采前冲击危险性预评估研究[J].岩土工程学报,2018,40(5):819-827.(ZHU Guang′an,DOU Linming,DING Ziwei,et al.Pre-evaluation for rock burst risks in island longwall panel before mining[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2018,40(5):819-827.(in Chinese))
[12]李新华,张向东.浅埋煤层坚硬直接顶破断诱发冲击地压机理及防治[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(2):510-517.(LI Xinhua,ZHANGXiangdong.Mechanism and prevention of rock-burst induced by immediate roof breakage in shallow-buried coal seam[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(2):510-517.(in Chinese))
[13]张明,姜福兴,李克庆,等.巨厚岩层-煤柱系统协调变形及其稳定性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(2):326-334.(ZHANG Ming,JIANG Fuxing,LI Keqing,et al.Study of the compatible deformation and stability of the system of super thick strata and coal pillars[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(2):326-334.(in Chinese))
[14]刘金海,杨伟利,姜福兴,等.先裂后注防治冲击地压的机制与现场试验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(12):3 041-3 049.(LIUJinhai,YANG Weili,JIANG Fuxing,et al.Mechanism of crackingbefore-injecting method to prevent coal burst and its field test[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(12):3 041-3 049.(in Chinese))
[15]刘志刚,曹安业,朱广安,等.不耦合爆破技术在高应力区域卸压效果[J].爆炸与冲击,2018,38(2):390-396.(LIU Zhigang,CAOAnye,ZHU Guang′an,et al.Stress relieving effect of non-coupling blasting technique on high stress area[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2018,38(2):390-396.(in Chinese))
[16]钱鸣高,石平五,许家林.矿山压力与岩层控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2010:182-185.(QIAN Minggao,SHI Pingwu,XU Jialin.Ground pressure and strata control[M].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology Press,2010:182-185.(in Chinese))
[17]彭赐灯.矿山压力与岩层控制研究热点最新进展评述[J].中国矿业大学学报,2015,44(1):1-8.(PENG Cideng.Topical areas of research needs in ground control:a state of the art review on coal mine ground control[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2015,44(1):1-8.(in Chinese))
[18]LUO X,HATHERLY P.Application of microseismic monitoring to characterise geomechnic conditions in longwall mining[J].Exploration Geophysics,1998,(29):489-493.
[19]张明,姜福兴,李克庆.巨厚岩层采场关键工作面防冲-减震设计[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2018,49(2):439-447.(ZHANGMing,JIANG Fuxing,LI Keqing.Design of rock burst prevention and mine-quake reduction in key longwall panel under super-thick strata[J].Journal of Central South University:Science and Technology,2018,49(2):439-447.(in Chinese))
[20]宋振骐.实用矿山压力控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1988:84-106.(SONG Zhenqi.Mining pressure control and practice[M].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology Press,1988:84-106.(in Chinese))
[21]张明,姜福兴,王建超,等.超深井多煤层扰动下巷道变形的时空规律[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2018,35(2):229-237.(ZHANGMing,JIANG Fuxing,WANG Jianchao,et al.Space-time regularity of roadway deformation under disturbance of several coal seams in ultra-deep mines[J].Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2018,35(2):229-237.(in Chinese))
[22]HE J,DOU L M,CAO A Y,et al.Rock burst induced by roof breakage and its prevention[J].Journal of Central South University of Technology,2012,19:1 086-1 091.
[23]姜福兴,王平,冯增强,等.复合型厚煤层“震-冲”型动力灾害机理、预测与控制[J].煤炭学报,2009,34(12):1 605-1 609.(JIANG Fuxing,WANG Ping,FENG Zengqiang,et al.Mechanism prediction and control of“rock burst induced by shock bump”kind dynamic accident in composite thickness coal[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2009,34(12):1 605-1 609.(in Chinese))
[24]王旭春,黄福昌,张怀新,等.AH威尔逊煤柱设计公式探讨及改进[J].煤炭学报,2007,27(6):604-608.(WANG Xuchun,HUANGFuchang,ZHANG Huaixin,et al.Discussion and improvement for AHWilson at coal pillar design[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2002,27(6):604-608.(in Chinese))
[25]GIBOWICZ S J,KIJKO A.An introduction to mining seismology[M].San Diego:Academic Press,1994:283-289.
[26]贺虎,窦林名,巩思园,等.覆岩关键层运动诱发冲击的规律研究[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(8):1 260-1 265.(HE Hu,DOULinming,GONG Siyuan,et al.Rock burst rules induced by cracking of overlying key stratum[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(8):1 260-1 265.(in Chinese))
[2]翟明华,姜福兴,齐庆新,等.冲击地压分类防治体系研究与应用[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(12):3 116-3 124.(ZHAI Minghua,JIANGFuxing,QI Qingxin,et al.Research and practice of rock burst classified control system[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(12):3 116-3 124.(in Chinese))
[3]李浩荡,蓝航,杜涛涛,等.宽沟煤矿坚硬厚层顶板下冲击地压危险时期的微震特征及解危措施[J].煤炭学报,2013,38(增1):6-11.(LI Haodang,LAN Hang,DU Taotao,et al.Micro-seismic characteristic and danger-relief method in rock-burst danger period of mining face under hard and thick roof of Kuangou Mine[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2013,38(Supp.1):6-11.(in Chinese))
[4]钱鸣高,缪协兴,许家林,等.岩层控制的关键层理论[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2000:59-88.(QIAN Minggao,MIAOXiexing,XU Jialin,et al.Key strata theory[M].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology Press,2000:59-88.(in Chinese))
[5]姜福兴,张兴民,杨淑华,等.长壁采场覆岩空间结构探讨[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2006,25(3):979-984.(JIANG Fuxing,ZHANGXingmin,YANG Shuhua,et al.Discussion on overlying strata spatial structures of longwall in coal mine[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2006,25(3):979-984.(in Chinese))
[6]姜福兴,刘懿,张益超,等.采场覆岩的“载荷三带”结构模型及其在防冲领域的应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(12):2 398-2 408.(JIANG Fuxing,LIU Yi,ZHANG Yichao,et al.A threezone structure loading model of overlying strata and its application on rockburst prevention[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(12):2 398-2 408.(in Chinese))
[7]DOU L M,HE X Q,HE H,et al.Spatial structure evolution of overlying strata and inducing mechanism of rockburst in coal mine[J].Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China,2014,24(4):1 255-1 261.
[8]蒋金泉,王普,武泉林.高位硬厚岩层弹性基础边界下破断规律的演化特征[J].中国矿业大学学报,2016,45(3):490-499.(JIANGJinquan,WANG Pu,WU Quanlin,et al.Evolutionary characteristics of fracture laws of high-position hard thick strata with elastic foundation boundary[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2016,45(3):490-499.(in Chinese))
[9]王树立,张开智,蒋金泉,等.基于矿震活动规律的重复采动高位硬厚岩层冲击机制探讨[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2016,35(增2):4 172-4 179.(WANG Shuli,ZHANG Kaizhi,JIANG Jinquan,et al.Rock burst mechanism and tremors law of high and thick strata of hard rock during repeated mining[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2016,35(Supp.2):4 172-4 179.(in Chinese))
[10]王存文,姜福兴,王平,等.煤柱诱发冲击地压的微震事件分布特征与力学机理[J].煤炭学报,2009,34(9):1 169-1 173.(WANGCunwen,JIANG Fuxing,WANG Ping,et al.Microseismic events distribution characteristics and mechanical mechanisms of rock bursting induced by a coal pillar[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2009,34(9):1 169-1 173.(in Chinese))
[11]朱广安,窦林名,丁自伟,等.孤岛工作面采前冲击危险性预评估研究[J].岩土工程学报,2018,40(5):819-827.(ZHU Guang′an,DOU Linming,DING Ziwei,et al.Pre-evaluation for rock burst risks in island longwall panel before mining[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2018,40(5):819-827.(in Chinese))
[12]李新华,张向东.浅埋煤层坚硬直接顶破断诱发冲击地压机理及防治[J].煤炭学报,2017,42(2):510-517.(LI Xinhua,ZHANGXiangdong.Mechanism and prevention of rock-burst induced by immediate roof breakage in shallow-buried coal seam[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2017,42(2):510-517.(in Chinese))
[13]张明,姜福兴,李克庆,等.巨厚岩层-煤柱系统协调变形及其稳定性研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(2):326-334.(ZHANG Ming,JIANG Fuxing,LI Keqing,et al.Study of the compatible deformation and stability of the system of super thick strata and coal pillars[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(2):326-334.(in Chinese))
[14]刘金海,杨伟利,姜福兴,等.先裂后注防治冲击地压的机制与现场试验[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2017,36(12):3 041-3 049.(LIUJinhai,YANG Weili,JIANG Fuxing,et al.Mechanism of crackingbefore-injecting method to prevent coal burst and its field test[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2017,36(12):3 041-3 049.(in Chinese))
[15]刘志刚,曹安业,朱广安,等.不耦合爆破技术在高应力区域卸压效果[J].爆炸与冲击,2018,38(2):390-396.(LIU Zhigang,CAOAnye,ZHU Guang′an,et al.Stress relieving effect of non-coupling blasting technique on high stress area[J].Explosion and Shock Waves,2018,38(2):390-396.(in Chinese))
[16]钱鸣高,石平五,许家林.矿山压力与岩层控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,2010:182-185.(QIAN Minggao,SHI Pingwu,XU Jialin.Ground pressure and strata control[M].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology Press,2010:182-185.(in Chinese))
[17]彭赐灯.矿山压力与岩层控制研究热点最新进展评述[J].中国矿业大学学报,2015,44(1):1-8.(PENG Cideng.Topical areas of research needs in ground control:a state of the art review on coal mine ground control[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2015,44(1):1-8.(in Chinese))
[18]LUO X,HATHERLY P.Application of microseismic monitoring to characterise geomechnic conditions in longwall mining[J].Exploration Geophysics,1998,(29):489-493.
[19]张明,姜福兴,李克庆.巨厚岩层采场关键工作面防冲-减震设计[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2018,49(2):439-447.(ZHANGMing,JIANG Fuxing,LI Keqing.Design of rock burst prevention and mine-quake reduction in key longwall panel under super-thick strata[J].Journal of Central South University:Science and Technology,2018,49(2):439-447.(in Chinese))
[20]宋振骐.实用矿山压力控制[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社,1988:84-106.(SONG Zhenqi.Mining pressure control and practice[M].Xuzhou:China University of Mining and Technology Press,1988:84-106.(in Chinese))
[21]张明,姜福兴,王建超,等.超深井多煤层扰动下巷道变形的时空规律[J].采矿与安全工程学报,2018,35(2):229-237.(ZHANGMing,JIANG Fuxing,WANG Jianchao,et al.Space-time regularity of roadway deformation under disturbance of several coal seams in ultra-deep mines[J].Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering,2018,35(2):229-237.(in Chinese))
[22]HE J,DOU L M,CAO A Y,et al.Rock burst induced by roof breakage and its prevention[J].Journal of Central South University of Technology,2012,19:1 086-1 091.
[23]姜福兴,王平,冯增强,等.复合型厚煤层“震-冲”型动力灾害机理、预测与控制[J].煤炭学报,2009,34(12):1 605-1 609.(JIANG Fuxing,WANG Ping,FENG Zengqiang,et al.Mechanism prediction and control of“rock burst induced by shock bump”kind dynamic accident in composite thickness coal[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2009,34(12):1 605-1 609.(in Chinese))
[24]王旭春,黄福昌,张怀新,等.AH威尔逊煤柱设计公式探讨及改进[J].煤炭学报,2007,27(6):604-608.(WANG Xuchun,HUANGFuchang,ZHANG Huaixin,et al.Discussion and improvement for AHWilson at coal pillar design[J].Journal of China Coal Society,2002,27(6):604-608.(in Chinese))
[25]GIBOWICZ S J,KIJKO A.An introduction to mining seismology[M].San Diego:Academic Press,1994:283-289.
[26]贺虎,窦林名,巩思园,等.覆岩关键层运动诱发冲击的规律研究[J].岩土工程学报,2010,32(8):1 260-1 265.(HE Hu,DOULinming,GONG Siyuan,et al.Rock burst rules induced by cracking of overlying key stratum[J].Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2010,32(8):1 260-1 265.(in Chinese))
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