典型物流城市2016年冬季2次污染过程PM_(2.5)污染特征及来源解析
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摘要
为研究典型物流城市临沂市冬季重污染天气过程中PM_(2.5)化学组分特征,探讨污染成因,于2016年12月～2017年1月在6个采样点连续采集28 d的PM_(2.5)样品,并对其离子、元素、碳组分进行分析.采样期间PM_(2.5)质量浓度均值(145. 2±87. 8)μg·m~(-3),日均值超标率为82%; 2次污染过程中PM_(2.5)均值浓度分别为(187. 3±79. 8)μg·m~(-3)和(205. 3±92. 0)μg·m~(-3),为《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)年均二级标准的5. 4和5. 9倍.化学组分质量重构结果显示二次无机离子(SNA)是冬季PM_(2.5)的主要组分(所占质量分数为51. 2%),其次为有机物OM(23. 8%),再次为矿物尘MIN(12. 7%).结合污染过程中化学组分的变化趋势和累积速率发现,第1个污染过程中SNA和OM是引起PM_(2.5)浓度增加的原因之一,第2个污染过程中SNA是导致污染的主因,硫氧化率(SOR)、氮氧化率(NOR)和OC/EC比值的日均变化趋势进一步验证了该结论. PMF源解析结果表明,临沂市冬季大气PM_(2.5)的首要源类为二次颗粒物和生物质燃烧混合源(分担率50. 0%),其次为燃煤源(16. 8%)、机动车(12. 9%)和城市扬尘(10. 0%),再次为工业源(5. 3%)和土壤尘(5. 0%). 2次污染过程中二次颗粒物的贡献较之冬季平均有明显增加,说明不利气象条件下二次颗粒物的生成、累积是导致重污染期形成的主因.
To characterize the chemical composition of PM_(2.5) and the formation of pollution during a heavy pollution episode in the winter in a typical logistics city,PM_(2.5) samples were collected from December 2016 to January 2017 at six sampling sites,and the water-soluble ions,elements,and carbon components were determined. The results showed that the average concentration of PM_(2.5) was( 145. 2 ± 87. 8) μg·m~(-3) during the whole sampling period,of which 82% of daily average concentrations were above class II of the national standards. The average concentrations of PM_(2.5) during the two heavy pollution episodes were( 187. 3 ± 79. 8) and( 205. 3 ±92. 0) μg·m~(-3),which were 5. 4 and 5. 9 times,respectively,as high as class II of the national standard. The results of the chemical composition of the PM_(2.5) showed that secondary water-soluble inorganic ions( SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-,and NH_4~+) were the main components of PM_(2.5) in winter( 51. 2% of PM_(2.5) mass concentration),followed by organic matter( OM,23. 8%),and mineral dust( 12. 7%).Combined with the change trend and accumulation rate of chemical components during the pollution episode,we discovered that the increasing of SNA and OM led to PM_(2.5) pollution in the first episode,while the growth of SNA caused the second pollution episode.This was further verified by the synchronous change of SOR,NOR,and the OC/EC ratio. PMF analysis indicated that mixed sources of secondary particulate matter and biomass combustion( 50. 0%),coal combustion( 16. 8%),vehicles( 12. 9%),fugitive dust( 10. 0%),industry( 5. 3%) and soil dust( 5. 0%),were the main sources of PM_(2.5) of Linyi city in the winter. Compared with the average concentration over the whole sampling period,the contribution of secondary particles during the two pollution episodes was significantly increased. This indicates that the formation and accumulation of secondary particulate matter under static and humid meteorological conditions were the main influencing factors during the heavy pollution episodes.
To characterize the chemical composition of PM_(2.5) and the formation of pollution during a heavy pollution episode in the winter in a typical logistics city,PM_(2.5) samples were collected from December 2016 to January 2017 at six sampling sites,and the water-soluble ions,elements,and carbon components were determined. The results showed that the average concentration of PM_(2.5) was( 145. 2 ± 87. 8) μg·m~(-3) during the whole sampling period,of which 82% of daily average concentrations were above class II of the national standards. The average concentrations of PM_(2.5) during the two heavy pollution episodes were( 187. 3 ± 79. 8) and( 205. 3 ±92. 0) μg·m~(-3),which were 5. 4 and 5. 9 times,respectively,as high as class II of the national standard. The results of the chemical composition of the PM_(2.5) showed that secondary water-soluble inorganic ions( SO_4~(2-),NO_3~-,and NH_4~+) were the main components of PM_(2.5) in winter( 51. 2% of PM_(2.5) mass concentration),followed by organic matter( OM,23. 8%),and mineral dust( 12. 7%).Combined with the change trend and accumulation rate of chemical components during the pollution episode,we discovered that the increasing of SNA and OM led to PM_(2.5) pollution in the first episode,while the growth of SNA caused the second pollution episode.This was further verified by the synchronous change of SOR,NOR,and the OC/EC ratio. PMF analysis indicated that mixed sources of secondary particulate matter and biomass combustion( 50. 0%),coal combustion( 16. 8%),vehicles( 12. 9%),fugitive dust( 10. 0%),industry( 5. 3%) and soil dust( 5. 0%),were the main sources of PM_(2.5) of Linyi city in the winter. Compared with the average concentration over the whole sampling period,the contribution of secondary particles during the two pollution episodes was significantly increased. This indicates that the formation and accumulation of secondary particulate matter under static and humid meteorological conditions were the main influencing factors during the heavy pollution episodes.
引文
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[7]Wang Y H,Liu Z R,Zhang J K,et al.Aerosol physicochemical properties and implications for visibility during an intense haze episode during winter in Beijing[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2015,15(6):3205-3215.
[8]姚青,刘子锐,韩素芹,等.天津冬季一次重污染过程颗粒物中水溶性离子粒径分布特征[J].环境科学,2017,38(12):4958-4967.Yao Q,Liu Z R,Han S Q,et al.Characteristics of the size distribution of water-soluble ions during a heavy pollution episode in the winter in Tianjin[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(12):4958-4967.
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[20]Cheng Y F,Zheng G J,Wei C,et al.Reactive nitrogen chemistry in aerosol water as a source of sulfate during haze events in China[J].Science Advances,2016,2(12):e1601530.
[21]赵雪艳,王歆华,褚彦辛,等.忻州市大气PM2.5的化学组成质量平衡特征及来源解析[J].环境工程学报,2017,11(8):4660-4668.Zhao X Y,Wang X H,Chu Y X,et al.Characterization of chemical composition mass balance and source appointment of ambient PM2.5in Xinzhou city[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2017,11(8):4660-4668.
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[23]Perrino C,Catrambone M,Farao C,et al.Assessing the contribution of water to the mass closure of PM10[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,140:555-564.
[24]王念飞,陈阳,郝庆菊,等.苏州市PM2.5中水溶性离子的季节变化及来源分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):4482-4489.Wang N F,Chen Y,Hao Q J,et al.Seasonal variation and source analysis of the water-soluble inorganic ions in fine particulate matter in Suzhou[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(12):4482-4489.
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[26]范美益,曹芳,张园园,等.徐州市冬季大气细颗粒物水溶性无机离子污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2017,38(11):4478-4485.Fan M Y,Cao F,Zhang Y Y,et al.Characteristics and sources of water soluble inorganic ions in fine particulate matter during winter in Xuzhou[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(11):4478-4485.
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